Precambrian tidal and glacial clastic deposits: implications for Precambrian Earth–Moon dynamics and palaeoclimate

Over the past decade the study of Precambrian clastic tidal rhythmites — stacked laminae of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone that display periodic variations in thickness reflecting a strong tidal influence on sedimentation — has provided accurate palaeotidal and palaeorotational data. Palaeotidal records obtained from tidal rhythmites may be systematically abbreviated, however, and derived periods and frequencies can be misleading. The validity of such values, including past length of day, can be assessed by testing for internal self-consistency through application of the laws of celestial mechanics. Such a test supports the estimated length of day of h derived from the late Neoproterozoic (620 Ma) Elatina–Reynella rhythmites in South Australia, and the indicated mean rate of lunar retreat of cm/year since 620 Ma. The validity of estimated lengths of day obtained from other Precambrian tidal rhythmites remain unverified because the data sets contain only one primary value directly determined from the rhythmites. The Elatina–Reynella data militate against significant Earth expansion at least since 620 Ma, and suggest that the free nutation or ‘tipping' of the Earth's fluid core has undergone a resonance with the Earth's annual forced nutation since the Neoproterozoic. Glaciogenic deposits are readily distinguishable from ejecta resulting from impacts with Earth-crossing bodies. Palaeomagnetic data, based on the geocentric axial dipole model for the geomagnetic field, indicate that Neoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic glaciation and cold climate near sea level occurred in low palaeolatitudes. This enigmatic finding may imply global glaciation or an increased obliquity of the ecliptic, and is relevant to modelling the effect of ice sheet formation on the Earth's obliquity history by obliquity–oblateness feedback mechanisms. Through multidisciplinary studies, clastic sedimentology and geophysics together can make substantial contributions to understanding Precambrian Earth–Moon dynamics and global palaeoenvironments.     

花岗岩张拉和压剪裂隙渗透率演化研究

地下工程开挖造成围岩破坏,其破坏方式可归纳分析为两类：张拉型破坏和压剪型破坏,这两种破坏导致的裂隙面的细观形态并不相同,这种不同的细观形态导致张拉和压剪型裂隙的渗透率表现出不同的演化规律。为此,对花岗岩进行了不同围压下三轴压缩试验,产生张拉和压剪型裂隙,进行含裂隙岩样在静水压力加载条件下渗透系数试验。试验表明,相比于含压剪裂隙试样,含张拉裂隙试样的渗透率对静水压力更敏感。进而,分别对不同围压条件下的三轴压缩试验获得的张拉和压剪裂隙面进行扫描电镜试验,获得张拉和压剪裂隙面的细观形态,花岗岩单轴压缩试验所产生的裂隙面表现为典型的张拉型裂隙,破裂面比较光滑;随着围压的不断增大,破裂面的细观形态发生明显的变化,从破裂面上可以明显地观察到逐渐增多的压剪型裂隙,破裂面比较粗糙。在静水压力的作用下,张拉裂隙较快闭合;而压剪裂隙的锯齿能够一定程度上阻止裂隙的闭合。张拉和压剪裂隙面的不同细观结构决定了含张拉和压剪裂隙岩样的不同渗透率演化规律。研究结果对于地下工程分析中确定围岩的渗透率具有一定的意义。     

圆钢管约束高强灌浆料局部承压性能研究

以圆钢管约束高强灌浆料局部承压性能试验为基础,基于ABAQUS有限元计算平台,通过建立分段模型(Multi-section Model简称MSM模型)进行数值模拟,探究圆钢管约束高强灌浆料在局部承压作用下的力学性能,并将软件计算得到的荷载-位移曲线与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,分段模型适用于圆钢管约束高强灌浆料局部承压作用下的数值模拟,且计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;增大试件高径比、钢管壁厚和高强灌浆料强度均可提高其极限承载力。     

真三轴条件下Q2黄土的破坏模式与强度特性研究

基于西安理工大学自主研发的新型真三轴试验仪,对不同含水率Q2黄土在不同b值、不同固结围压条件下进行了真三轴试验研究,分析了真三轴试样破坏方式、中主应力对抗剪强度参数的影响以及π平面上的强度破坏面。结果表明,Q2黄土真三轴试样破坏方式主要有侧胀破坏、锥形破坏、梯形破坏、六边形破坏;不同b值应力路经条件下黏聚力与三轴压缩条件下黏聚力的比值在0.9～1.9之间,内摩擦角比值在0.7～1.5之间。土的结构性和土体破坏方式对π平面上的强度破坏面的形状影响较大,固结围压对π平面上的强度破坏面的大小影响较大;原状Q2黄土在π平面上的强度破坏面形状主要呈现梨形和轴对称六边形;随着结构性由强到弱,π平面上的强度破坏面形状由梨形向轴对称六边形变化。     

Swelling Behaviour of Expansive Shales from the Middle Region of Saudi Arabia

Severe and widespread damage in residential buildings, sidewalks and pavements in various parts of the middle region of Saudi Arabia is caused by the development of heave and swelling pressure in the expansive shales in the region. This paper presents the problems and the geotechnical and physicochemical properties of the tested shales. The swelling potential was determined using various methods. Swell tests were conducted under different loading conditions and following different procedures to quantify the amount of vertical swell and swelling pressure. The conventional one-dimensional oedometer swell tests were performed using three different procedures, namely, free swell, constant volume swell and swell overburden. In addition, swell tests were performed in the stress path triaxial apparatus. Tests under different vertical stresses and confinements were conducted. Vertical swell and swelling pressure obtained from the various methods were compared. The reliability of the different methods for estimation of swelling potential is discussed.     

不同轴压比钢筋混凝土圆柱桥墩地震易损性分析

以墩顶漂移率为指标运用ABAQUS有限元软件对钢筋混凝土桥墩进行地震易损性分析。对钢筋混凝土桥墩模型进行精细网格划分,运用循环往复Pushover方法模拟钢筋混凝土桥墩破坏界限值,以此界限值为标准对轴压比为0.20、0.22、0.24、0.26和0.30钢筋混凝土桥墩进行增量动力分析（IDA）。研究结果表明:结构的破坏超越概率,随着轴压比的增大而增大;考虑钢筋混凝土桥墩延性抗震性能,设计轴压比不宜超过0.30;轴压比为0.24~0.26时,钢筋混凝土桥墩破坏概率增加不大,宜为合理的轴压比。     

上海黏土压缩回弹变形的微观机理

黏土变形微观机理的研究过去多针对土体加载压缩开展,随着研究的深入,黏土卸载回弹变形的微观机理也逐步得到重视,但目前对此研究还很少。本文采用单向压缩及回弹试验、扫描电镜及压汞试验对上海黏土压缩及回弹变形过程中土体的微观特性及其变化进行了研究。研究结果表明,微观结构参数的变化能反映黏土的宏观变形特征。在加载过程中,随固结压力增加,土体孔隙体积减小,孔隙数量先增加再减小,孔隙平均形状系数的增加先急后缓,孔隙形态分维数先急剧减小后缓慢减小。在卸载过程中,随固结压力减小,孔隙数量增加,平均形状系数略有减小,孔隙形状分维数略有增加。加载压缩过程中,固结压力较小时中、小孔隙体积所占比例变化不大,而当固结压力较大时小孔隙所占比例显著增加、中孔隙所占比例明显减小。在卸载回弹过程中,各级固结压力下小孔隙都占绝对优势,但固结压力较大时中孔隙所占比例较大,而固结压力较小时中孔隙所占比例较小,黏土卸载回弹变形主要是小孔隙体积的少量增加。     

遥感图像准无损压缩技术的研究

提出了一种基于图像恢复技术的遥感图像压缩技术,在提高遥感图像压缩比的同时,使压缩后的重建图像质量达到准无损的技术要求。对SRTF、TM图像的试验结果表明,该技术是可行的。     

残积土含水率对其动力特性影响试验研究

选取厦门某建筑工程地基浅层残积土重塑试样,利用SDT-10微机控制电液伺服动态三轴测试系统,在呈正弦变化的动态荷载作用下,测试含水率分别为10%、15%、20%和23%时残积土试样的动应力-应变、动变形-作用时间(作用次数)、动弹性模量等动力学特性曲线与参数。分析试验数据表明:试样在动荷载作用下表现为黏弹塑性变形特性,且随着含水率提高,试样累积塑性轴向变形逐步增大,最大弹性模量逐步减少,但含水率由20%增至23%时,最大动弹性模量降低幅度不大。     

饱和粉砂土的动三轴排水试验与计算分析

饱和土在理论上一直以两相饱和孔隙介质模拟,利用Biot饱和孔隙介质动力方程纵波解耦的 (u为波动的振幅位移,p为孔隙水压)解答,结合排水的Somigliana表象积分,能够完成饱和土排水动力反应计算,结果也能在野外试验中验证。为了进一步深入研究饱和土排水的动力特性,设计了室内饱和土动三轴的排水试验,以不同状态饱和粉砂土排水状态下试验的结果,阐述了排水理论计算解答与动三轴试验测试结果的对比分析。最后指出修正后的理论解答与饱和粉砂土的试验测试结果较吻合,并在今后饱和土伴有排水的动力响应分析能在饱和土动力学问题研究中有所应用。