马尼拉海沟北段俯冲带输入板块的不均一性

本文整合了横跨马尼拉海沟北段的21条多道地震层位信息、海底地形以及天然地震数据,分析了研究区内的输入板块性质差异及其对增生楔变形和地震活动性的影响.研究发现,沿马尼拉海沟北段的输入板块在地壳性质、基底起伏和沉积物厚度上存在明显的自北向南的差异:(1)最北段基底埋深大,上覆沉积物厚,地壳厚度较薄,地壳性质可能为初始南海洋壳或者圈闭的菲律宾海洋壳;(2)中段基底埋深浅,上覆沉积物薄,地壳厚度大,地壳属性表现为过渡壳性质,受到岩浆活动的影响,初始的地壳性质可能为华南陆块张裂分离出的微小陆壳块体,或者是南海洋壳;(3)南段基底埋深和沉积物厚度介于中间,存在明显的地磁条带,地壳性质为正常的南海洋壳.这一输入板块性质的不均一性可解释该区的特殊增生楔变形现象,如恒春弱变形带的出现,向海方向内凹的海沟形态以及上陆坡海底的大幅抬升等,同时也影响了研究区内的板片俯冲形态和发震构造的地震活动性.研究结果证实了沿马尼拉海沟北段存在南北向的地球物理性质的差异,但对于地壳属性的最终厘定还需要更多的地质与地球化学证据.     

Composition and origin of lipid biomarkers in the surface sediments from the southern Challenger Deep,Mariana Trench

The surface sediments collected from the southern Mariana Trench at water depths between ca. 4900 m and 7068 m were studied using lipid biomarker analyses to reveal the origin and distribution of organic matters. For all samples, an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) was present in the hydrocarbon fractions, wherein resistant component tricyclic terpanes were detected but C₂₇–C₂₉ regular steranes and hopanes indicative of a higher molecular weight range of petroleum were almost absent. This biomarker distribution patterns suggested that the UCM and tricyclic terpanes may be introduced by contamination of diesel fuels or shipping activities and oil seepage elsewhere. The well-developed faults and strike-slip faults in the Mariana subduction zone may serve as passages for the petroleum hydrocarbons. In addition, the relative high contents of even n-alkanes and low Carbon Preference Indices indicated that the n-alkanes were mainly derived from bacteria or algae. For GDGTs, the predominance of GDGT-0 and crenarchaeol, together with low GDGT-0/Crenarchaeol ratios (ranging from 0.86 to 1.64), suggests that the GDGTs in samples from the southern Mariana Trench were mainly derived from planktic Thaumarchaeota. However, the high GDGT-0/crenarchaeol ratio (10.5) in sample BC07 suggests that the GDGTs probably were introduced by methanogens in a more anoxic environment. Furthermore, the n-alkanes C₁₉–C₂₂ and the n-fatty acids C_20:0–C_22:0 were depleted in ¹³C by 3‰ compared to n-alkanes C₁₆–C₁₈ and the n-fatty acids C_14:0–C_18:0, respectively, which was interpreted to result from the preferential reaction of fatty acid fragments with carbon “lighter” terminal carboxyl groups during carbon chain elongation from the precursors to products. The abundance of total alkanes, carboxylic acids, alcohols and total lipids were generally increased along the down-going seaward plate, suggesting the lateral organic matter inputs play an important role in organic matter accumulation in hadal trenches. The extremely high contents of biomarkers in sample BC11 were most likely related to trench topography and current dynamics, since the lower steepness caused by graben texture and proximity to the trench axis may result in higher sedimentation rate. This paper, for the first time, showed the biomarker patterns in surface sediments of the Mariana Trench and shed light on biogeochemistry of the hardly reached trench environment.     

台湾- 吕宋双火山弧的可能成因：菲律宾板块北西向加速运动

台湾- 吕宋双火山弧绵延近500 km，南北向展布于台湾岛和吕宋岛之间，其成因尚无定论。前人将其归因于轻质物质(南海洋中脊或南海北部轻质高原)的俯冲，然而数值模拟研究并不能有效支持该观点。随着欧亚- 菲律宾板块的会聚，南海东部次海盆被动俯冲于菲律宾板块之下。为了验证被动俯冲和主动俯冲对俯冲角度的控制作用，本文构建了二维高精度数值对比模型，在其他因素完全相同的情况下，考察会聚方向的差异对俯冲角度的影响。模拟结果显示，仅仅改变会聚方向，俯冲角度就能够发生巨大变化。在被动俯冲背景下如果条件合适则易于发生低角度俯冲。综合前人研究成果可以发现，南海- 菲律宾俯冲系统的条件满足发生低角度俯冲的要求，表现在两方面：① 南海东部次海盆的年龄从最新的洋中脊向北波动增加，最老为33 Ma，小于低角度俯冲洋盆年龄要求的40 Ma；② 欧亚- 菲律宾板块的会聚速率大于低角度俯冲速率要求的4 cm/a。由此，本文认为菲律宾- 欧亚板块在被动俯冲背景下的低速会聚形成了高角度俯冲从而导致西弧的形成；之后菲律宾板块北西向加速运动导致俯冲角度减小，西弧停止活动而东弧开始形成。本文模型不需要俯冲的轻质物质提供额外的浮力进而促使板片角度减小。西弧和东弧存在分叉现象，我们认为原因可能是洋壳年龄向北增加和(或)菲律宾板块旋转。本文提出了台湾- 吕宋双火山弧另一种可能的演化机制，有助于推进对该双火山弧和该俯冲系统的理解，也能够为认识其他被动俯冲过程提供参考实例。     

东海及琉球沟弧盆系的海底热流测量与热流分布

利用钻井资料获得了东海陆架地区15个热流值，分析了海底热流测量的误差来源及数据精度，对东海及琉球沟弧盆系的热流值进行了分类整理，将海底热流分为可信热流值、较可信热流值和参考热流值，本文使用了前两类热流数据，共得305个，对研究区的热流站位进行了分析，发现热流测站分布很不均匀，冲绳海槽几个高热流异常区的热流测站总数占全部东海热流测站的一半多，仍有相当一些构造单元热流站住很少或者几乎没有热流值，总体上，研究区的热流分布明显地和沟弧盆系的构造特征相吻合，呈现北东向条带状分布，东海陆架为正常热流值区，冲绳海槽为高热流异常区，琉球群岛为正常热流值区，琉球海沟和菲律宾海都为低热流异常值区，根据热流推测冲绳海槽下存在深部热物质上拱，琉球海沟垭口之下存在海洋板块的俯冲，本研究区自东向西初步表现出长波长热流振荡现象，但由于测量数据稀少，目前还不能对此作更进一步的研究。     

Cross-section through the frontal Japan Trench subduction zone: Geochemical evidence for fluid flow and fluid–rock interaction from DSDP and ODP pore waters and sediments

Abstract Fluids and sediments from Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program Legs (56, 57, 87 and 186) along a transect extending from the subducting plate, across the midslope and upper slope of the Japan Trench forearc were analyzed for B and B isotopes in order to assess their composition and fluid–sediment interaction. At the reference Site 436 on the subducting plate, changes in B contents and B isotopes are controlled by the lithology and diagenesis only. The midslope Sites 440 and 584 showed stronger variations in the B geochemistry, which can be related to diagenesis and tectonic dewatering along faults. The strongest changes in the B geochemistry were observed on the upper slope Sites 1150 and 1151, where profound down‐hole freshening (chlorinities as low as ～310 mmol) coincides with a B enrichment (up to 9.3 × seawater concentration). The B isotope pore fluid profile of Site 1150 displayed a bimodal variation with depth, first increasing to values more positive than seawater, then shifting to lower signatures typical for deep‐seated fluids, whereas Site 1151 showed a constant B decrease with depth. Sites 1150 and 1151 sediments showed B increases with depth to values as high as ～164 p.p.m. and isotopic compositions ranging from ～+4 to ?9‰. A linear decrease in B_solid/B_fluid ratio, suggests that B geochemistry of the upper slope sites is controlled by fluid–rock interaction and deep‐seated fluid flow, whereas constant B_solid/B_fluid ratios were observed at the reference site on the incoming plate. This fluid overprint is probably caused by normal faults in the sediment cover which might be interconnected to deep thrusts in the underlying Cretaceous accreted wedge. This suggests that the erosive Japan Trench margin is characterized by back‐flux of deep‐seated, B‐enriched fluids into the ocean, which is facilitated by extensional normal faulting as a result of tectonic erosion and subsidence.     

Structural characteristics off Miyagi forearc region, the Japan Trench seismogenic zone, deduced from a wide-angle reflection and refraction study

The Japan Trench subduction zone, located east of NE Japan, has regional variation in seismicity. Many large earthquakes occurred in the northern part of Japan Trench, but few in the southern part. Off Miyagi region is in the middle of the Japan Trench, where the large earthquakes (M > 7) with thrust mechanisms have occurred at an interval of about 40 years in two parts: inner trench slope and near land. A seismic experiment using 36 ocean bottom seismographs (OBS) and a 12,000 cu. in. airgun array was conducted to determine a detailed, 2D velocity structure in the forearc region off Miyagi. The depth to the Moho is 21 km, at 115 km from the trench axis, and becomes progressively deeper landward. The P-wave velocity of the mantle wedge is 7.9–8.1 km/s, which is typical velocity for uppermost mantle without large serpentinization. The dip angle of oceanic crust is increased from 5–6° near the trench axis to 23° 150 km landward from the trench axis. The P-wave velocity of the oceanic uppermost mantle is as small as 7.7 km/s. This low-velocity oceanic mantle seems to be caused by not a lateral anisotropy but some subduction process. By comparison with the seismicity off Miyagi, the subduction zone can be divided into four parts: 1) Seaward of the trench axis, the seismicity is low and normal fault-type earthquakes occur associated with the destruction of oceanic lithosphere. 2) Beneath the deformed zone landward of the trench axis, the plate boundary is characterized as a stable sliding fault plain. In case of earthquakes, this zone may be tsunamigenic. 3) Below forearc crust where P-wave velocity is almost 6 km/s and larger: this zone is the seismogenic zone below inner trench slope, which is a plate boundary between the forearc and oceanic crusts. 4) Below mantle wedge: the rupture zones of thrust large earthquakes near land (e.g. 1978 off Miyagi earthquake) are located beneath the mantle wedge. The depth of the rupture zones is 30–50 km below sea level. From the comparison, the rupture zones of large earthquakes off Miyagi are limited in two parts: plate boundary between the forearc and oceanic crusts and below mantle wedge. This limitation is a rare case for subduction zone. Although the seismogenic process beneath the mantle wedge is not fully clarified, our observation suggests the two possibilities: earthquake generation at the plate boundary overridden by the mantle wedge without serpentinization or that in the subducting slab.     

Diagenesis of organic matter in suspended particles and sediments in the Cariaco Trench

Suspended particulate materials and bottom sediments from the Cariaco Trench were analysed for lipid content to investigate the diagenesis of organic matter in an anoxic water column and sediment. Distributions of fatty acids, sterols, and the acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons, lycopane and 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane, support the hypothesis that alteration of organic matter usually attributed to sedimentary diagenesis occurs in the water column. Typical indicators of diagenetic processes, including preferential loss of unsaturated fatty acids, increased abundances of branched fatty acids, stenol-to-stanol conversion, and abundant acyclic isoprenoids, were observed in the water column across the oxic/anoxic interface in the Cariaco Trench. Lipid distributions in the sediment were remarkably uniform with depth. We conclude that organic material delivered to the sediment has been extensively altered in the water column, but that which is buried is preserved without much additional alteration.     

日本海区地震活动的初步研究

利用日本海区丰富的震史资料，研究了该区强震活动时一空变化的某些特征。并以此为据，将１９００年以来的地震活动划分了三个地震轮回。文中讨论了各幕的持续时间及其强震的频度分布，同时还分析了各轮回的强震地区分布，探讨了每个强震高潮主体活动区形成特点，这些结果可作为研究日本海区强震高潮到来和结束的标志以及为判断未来主体活动区等强震预测问题提供线索。此外，本文还分析了我国大陆强震高潮与日本海沟地震的相关关系。     

1994年4－6月的全球地震动态

１９９４年第二季度，全球地震活动仍维持中等水平。爪哇岛以南爪哇海沟内发生以７．２级地震为主的强震序列。南美洲接连发生深震，６月９日玻利维亚北部发生大深震，有感范围极大。大洋岛弧带地震频数占全球半数以上，本季度最大地震也发生在此。亚欧带继续维持中等水平的活动，亚欧带西段地震活动的发展需要继续监视和跟踪。