Baroclinic energetics and zonal plane distribution of monsoon disturbances

The adiabatic, quasi-geostraphic, 25-layer, numerical, linear model with Ekman boundary layer friction is utilised to perform the baroclinic stability analysis of the mean monsoon zonal wind profile. It is shown thec _i is a function of the resultant wavenumber alone. This relation is able to explain the effects of the lateral walls on the unstable waves.The energetics and zonal plane distribution of the short and long preferred viscous waves are computed. The upward motion of the short wave together with the warm (cold) core lies to the west of the surface trough position above (below) 850 mb. Further, it is shown that the main source of kinetic energy for the wave lies in the middle layer (850–700 mb) which is transported to the lower and upper layers. Computed is found to be in good agreement with observed values.     

Total ozone response to major geomagnetic storms and changes in meteorological situations

Summary The total ozone response to strong major geomagnetic storms (A_p≥60) in winter along the 50° N latitudinal circle is studied. The results add to the recent results of Laštovička et al. (1992) obtained for European middle latitudes (∼50°N) and to the results of Mlch (1994). A significant response of total ozone is only observed in winter under high solar activity/E-phase of QBO conditions (E-max) and seems to be caused by geomagnetic storm-induced changes of atmospheric dynamics. There are two sectors along latitude 50°N, which are sensitive to forcing by geomagnetic storms both in total ozone and the troposphere — north-eastern Atlantic-European and eastern Siberia-Aleutian sectors. The total ozone response under E-max conditions manifests itself mainly as a large decrease in the longitudinal variation of ozone after the storm, which means an increase of ozone in Europe. The observed effects in total ozone consist in redistribution, not production or loss of ozone.     

Ionospheric effetcs of an intense geomagnetic storm

An investigation of the response of the mid-high, mid and low latitude critical frequency foF2 to the geomagnetic storm of 15 July 2000 is made. Ground-based hourly foF2 values (proportional to square root of peak electron density of F2-layer) from four chains of ionospheric stations located in the geographic longitude ranges 10°W–35°E, 60°E–120°E, 130°E–170°E, 250°E–295°E are used. Relative deviations of foF2 are considered. The main ionospheric effects for the considered storm are: long-duration negative disturbances at mid-high latitudes in summer hemisphere in sectors where the storm onset occurred in the afternoon/night-time hours; short-duration positive disturbances in the summer hemisphere at mid-high latitudes in the pre-sunset hours during the end of main phase-first stage of the recovery; small and irregular negative disturbances in the low latitude winter hemisphere which predominate during the main phase and first part of the recovery, and positive disturbances in both hemispheres at mid-high and mid latitudes prior to the storm onset irrespective of the local time. In addition, the validity of some physical mechanisms proposed to explain the F2 region behaviour during disturbed conditions is considered. gus-mansilla@hotmail.com     

The structure of the mid- and high-latitude ionosphere during the November 2004 storm event obtained from GPS observations

GPS data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) network were used to study the development of the severe geomagnetic storm of November 7–12, 2004, in the total electron content (TEC) on a global scale. The TEC maps were produced for analyzing the storm. For producing the maps over European and North American sectors, GPS measurements from more than 100 stations were used. The dense network of GPS stations provided TEC measurements with a high temporal and spatial resolution. To present the temporal and spatial variation of TEC during the storm, differential TEC maps relative to a quiet day (November 6, 2004) were created. The features of geomagnetic storm attributed to the complex development of ionospheric storm depend on latitude, longitude and local time. The positive, as well as negative effects were detected in TEC variations as a consequence of the evolution of the geomagnetic storm. The maximal effect was registered in the subauroral/auroral ionosphere during substorm activity in the evening and night period. The latitudinal profiles obtained from TEC maps for Europe gave rise to the storm-time dynamic of the ionospheric trough, which was detected on November 7 and 9 at latitudes below 50°N. In the report, features of the response of TEC to the storm for European and North American sectors are analyzed.     

中纬度夏季一次深厚对流过程的数值模拟研究:高空热力层结和风切变影响

针对一次发生在中纬度夏季的深厚对流过程进行的数值模拟研究的结果,引入一个较详细描述深厚对流状态下云微物理过程的参数化方案,对一个有限差分三维非静力弹性大气数值模式进行了改进.数值模拟得到了与天气雷达观测一致的结果.结果还显示,对于这次穿透高度超过了对流层顶的深厚对流过程,与高空斜压扰动有关的上对流层弱稳定热力层结对系统的维持起到了重要的作用.另外,还发现强烈的对流发展到对流层顶的高度时,受上曳体的驱动,在对流层顶附近的稳定层结中产生浮力性的扰动;它们与风切变相结合,进而对系统的水平移动产生控制作用.     

简单热带海气耦合模型中的缓慢扰动Ⅰ:对称和反对称于赤道的运动

文中讨论了在局地热平衡情况下简单模式中的热带海气耦合扰动，指出参数K     

Occurrence of heavy rainfall around the confluence line in monsoon disturbances and its importance in causing floods

It is well known that heavy rainfall occurs in the southwestern sector of the monsoon depressions due to strong convergence in that sector. By examining the rainfall distribution associated with the monsoon disturbances (lows and depressions) in one of the central Indian river basins, ‘Godavari’, the author found that when the disturbance-centre is away from the basin, heavy rainfall may also occur in the basin area close to the confluence line and cause severe floods in the river. The confluence line is the zone of convergence between the northeasterlies to the west of the disturbance centre and the monsoon westerlies. This study further reveals the importance of the position and movement of the confluence line with respect to the basin, on which the intensity and the raising period of the resulting flood depend.     

非单一电离层扰动场的台阵探测分析

真实的ＴＩＤ一类大尺度电离层扰动是非平稳和色散的，而且是统计非单一的．本文首先给出了描述这种真实扰动场的数学模型，进而导出了联系台阵探测可测量与扰动场传播参量的观测方程，在此基础上提出了求解观测方程的时频分析方法．这一台阵探测数据分析的新方法，既能分离出非单一电离层扰动场中各种准单一扰动成分，又能获得准单一扰动成分传播参量随时间的演变和随频率的色散．分析实例表明，本文方法分辨率好，精度高，结果可靠，是适用于ＴＩＤ一类大尺度电离层扰动台阵探测数据分析的有效方法．     

电离层诸参量对大气重力波的响应与重力波参数反演

本文利用欧洲非相干散射雷达数据,分析研究了电离层不同等离子体参量对大气重力波的响应之间的关系.应用这种关系,发展了一种在垂直于地磁场的电场可以忽略等简化假设下,由电子密度和离子沿场速度的同时测量数据,反演求解较高（约250km以上）F区中引起TID的重力波传播参数的方法.用此法对一典型TID事件进行分析计算,所得结果与全波解数值研究结果很好符合.     

基于Swarm卫星GPS/TEC观测的顶部电离层三维电子密度分布的层析法研究

利用两颗伴飞的Swarm A/C卫星搭载的双频GPS接收机获取的TEC数据,在两个卫星轨道平面同时对顶部电离层电子密度进行层析成像,实现对顶部电离层电子密度的三维观测.为了能够重现扰动期间电离层电子密度的空间变化特征,在正则化求解过程中,我们引入了水平矩阵H和垂直矩阵V刻画电子密度的空间变化特征,引入整体约束矩阵C以调节不同空间对电子密度相对变化的权重.数值验证结果表明我们的算法对常见的观测误差具有较强的包容性,反演计算出的电子密度平均偏差优于10%.在不同地磁活动条件下,与第三方观测数据的对比,验证了本文反演算法的可靠性.实测数据反演结果表明我们的算法不仅能够较好地重现顶部电离层子午向百公里级别的不规则结构,还能有效分辨纬向相隔~150 km的两个卫星轨道平面的电子密度差异.