基于GIS的广东省综合运输体系规划信息平台构建研究

广东省交通运输厅从2012年起,组织分期研究开发基于地理信息系统的广东省综合运输体系规划信息平台（简称＂平台＂）,旨在建立健全统一的全省交通运输业数据采集、发布标准及技术管理规范,分别构建5大类运输方式线网及重要的运输枢纽站场节点的多级图层,叠加形成全省综合运输体系布局规划＂一张图＂。＂平台＂采用4层设计,依托后台管理、应用分析和综合展示3大子系统,搭建了基础地理信息、经济社会、交通运输现状、综合运输体系规划成果及其他共5大类数据库,＂平台（一期）＂于2014年3月26日通过验收,实现了多维度、多视角展示和查询交通运输业数据成果的预期功能。研究实践将力促综合运输体系规划研究和决策方式实行根本性变革。     

Graded-Density Reservoirs for Accessing High Stress Low Temperature Material States

In recently developed laser-driven shockless compression experiments an ablatively driven shock in a primary target is transformed into a ramp compression wave in a secondary target via unloading followed by stagnation across an intermediate vacuum gap. Current limitations on the achievable peak longitudinal stresses are limited by the ability of shaping the temporal profile of the ramp compression pulse. We report on new techniques using graded density reservoirs for shaping the loading profile and extending these techniques to high peak pressures.     

Thermonuclear reaction rates from (p,n) reactions on targets withA = 92–122

From the experimentally measured (p,n) cross-sections for^92,94Zr,⁹³Nb,^95,96,98Mo,¹⁰³Rh,^107,109Ag,¹¹⁰Pd,¹¹⁵In,^117,122Sn nuclides, for proton energies below 7 MeV, thermonuclear reaction rates in the temperature range 1≤T ₉≤5(T₉=10⁹ K) have been extracted. These reaction rates have been fitted to a three parameter empirical expression proposed by Fowler.     

Seasonal rainfall–runoff relationships in a lowland forested watershed in the southeastern USA

Hydrological processes of lowland watersheds of the southern USA are not well understood compared to a hilly landscape due to their unique topography, soil compositions, and climate. This study describes the seasonal relationships between rainfall patterns and runoff (sum of storm flow and base flow) using 13 years (1964–1976) of rainfall and stream flow data for a low‐gradient, third‐order forested watershed. It was hypothesized that runoff–rainfall ratios (R/P) are smaller during the dry periods (summer and fall) and greater during the wet periods (winter and spring). We found a large seasonal variability in event R/P potentially due to differences in forest evapotranspiration that affected seasonal soil moisture conditions. Linear regression analysis results revealed a significant relationship between rainfall and runoff for wet (r² = 0·68; p < 0·01) and dry (r² = 0·19; p = 0·02) periods. Rainfall‐runoff relationships based on a 5‐day antecedent precipitation index (API) showed significant (r² = 0·39; p < 0·01) correspondence for wet but not (r² = 0·02; p = 0·56) for dry conditions. The same was true for rainfall‐runoff relationships based on 30‐day API (r² = 0·39; p < 0·01 for wet and r² = 0·00; p = 0·79 for dry). Stepwise regression analyses suggested that runoff was controlled mainly by rainfall amount and initial soil moisture conditions as represented by the initial flow rate of a storm event. Mean event R/P were higher for the wet period (R/P = 0·33), and the wet antecedent soil moisture condition based on 5‐day (R/P = 0·25) and 30‐day (R/P = 0·26) prior API than those for the dry period conditions. This study suggests that soil water status, i.e. antecedent soil moisture and groundwater table level, is important besides the rainfall to seasonal runoff generation in the coastal plain region with shallow soil argillic horizons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浮床无土栽培植物控制池塘富营养化水质

采用浮床无土栽培技术,在池塘水面种植景观植物--陆生植物美人蕉(Cana generalis     

Recent environmental changes inferred from the sediments of small lakes in Yellowstone's northern range

Recent sediments of eight small lakes in the northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park were cored to examine stratigraphic records of past changes in limnology and local environment that might be attributed to grazing and other activities of elk, bison, and other large ungulates. Cores of undisturbed sediment were analyzed at close intervals to depths covering the last 100–150 years according to chronologies established by lead-210 dating. Pollen analyses were made to show change in regional vegetation, and diatom and geochemical analyses were made to reveal possible limnological changes resulting from soil erosion and nutrient input from the lake catchments.Variations in sedimentary components prior to establishment of the Park in 1872 indicate some natural variability in environmental factors e.g., erosional inputs in landslide areas west of Gardiner. All lakes had abundant nutrient inputs.After the Park was founded, fire suppression may have been responsible for small increases in pollen percentages of various conifers and Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) at different times in different lakes. Perceptible decreases in pollen of willow, aspen, alder, and birch at different times may reflect local ungulate browsing, although drier climatic conditions may have been a factor as well.The most striking manifestation of accelerated erosion in a catchment was found at a lake located beside a road constructed in the 1930s. In contrast to changes at this site, the record of erosion at other lakes is hardly perceptible. Changes in sediment-accumulation rates seen at most sites result from redistribution of sediment within the lake after initial deposition.In the century following Park establishment, the abundance of planktonic diatoms relative to benthic taxa varies among lakes and may reflect differential nutrient inputs or changes in lake level. Four of the five lakes analyzed for diatoms show in the last few decades an increase in planktonic relative to benthic species, implying elevated nutrient inputs. The recent flora, however, is similar to that in pre-Park levels which suggests that these lakes have not been perturbed outside their normal range. Increased nutrient supply in recent decades for at least two of the lakes is supported by the geochemical data, which show an increase in biogenic silica and in organic matter.As a whole, our investigation of the sedimentary record does not support the hypothesis that ungulate grazing has had a strong direct or indirect effect on the vegetation and soil stability in the lake catchments or on the water quality of the lakes.     

Maximized erosion at the last glacial maximum revealed by thermoluminescence thermochronometry

Increased erosion rates during the last 2 Myr of Earth history are commonly associated with widespread glaciation and global cooling. However, whether erosion rates actually increased during that period of time remains debated. This is in part because the respective role of fluvial and glacial erosion is difficult to assess, and because many existing techniques used to estimate erosion rates may be affected by averaging biases that may produce increased erosion rates towards the present. Here, we apply thermoluminescence thermochronometry to granitic bedrock samples of the southern-central Chilean Andes, a region which experienced a full transition from glacial-humid to fluvial-dry conditions during the Quaternary. Inverse modelling of the thermochronological data enables us to extract unbiased time series of erosion rates during the last ∼100 kyr. We find that erosion rates were systematically higher during around the last glacial maximum than at present, with differences exceeding an order of magnitude. Our findings indicate that glacial erosion is probably more efficient than fluvial erosion and imply that erosion has remained transient during the Quaternary.     

油源断裂输导油气通道演化形式的研究方法及其应用

为了研究含油气盆地下生上储式油源断裂附近油气分布规律,在不同时期油源断裂输导油气通道及影响因素研究的基础上,通过确定油源断裂伴生裂缝可能发育部位和地层脆性发育部位,识别其活动期输导油气通道。通过断裂填充物泥质含量和填充物输导油气所需的最小泥质含量,识别其停止活动后输导油气通道,二者结合建立了一套油源断裂输导油气通道演化形式的研究方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地冀中坳馅廊固凹陷大柳泉地区旧州断裂在沙三中-下亚段内输导油气通道演化形式的研究中,结果表明:旧州断裂在沙三中-下亚段内共发育4种输导通道演化形式,其中一直输导通道演化形式仅分布在F;断裂东部局部和F;断裂的东部端部;先输导后不输导通道演化形式主要分布在F;断裂西部、F;断裂中西部及东部和F;断裂处;先不输导后输导通道演化形式主要分布在除东部局部的F;断裂、F;断裂的中东部;一直不输导通道演化形式主要分布在F;断裂中部、F;断裂和F;断裂交界处及F;断裂东部。一直输导和先输导后不输导通道演化形式分布处或附近应是沙三中-下亚段油气成藏的有利部位,与目前旧州断裂附近沙三中-下亚段已发现油气分布相吻合,表明该方法用于研究油源断裂输导油气通道演化形式是可行的。     

中国省域离婚率的时空格局及趋同演变研究

针对现有离婚率研究时间、空间割裂,整体性探讨不足及实证研究缺乏的问题,该文运用空间自相关、空间马尔可夫链等空间统计方法对中国大陆各省域1979—2012年离婚率数据的时空分布及趋同演变进行了研究,结果发现:除东北、西北地区离婚率一直居高不下之外,中国大陆高离婚率地区逐步向中部延伸并聚集,离婚率存在着较强的空间自相关且空间聚集现象明显;省域离婚率的"两极分化"现象和"俱乐部趋同"现象均经历了由弱到强再减弱的波动变化趋势。     

多尺度天气分析理论和应用Ⅱ:锋面和气旋的形成机制

利用多尺度天气分析理论,研究了锋面和气旋的形成机制.结果表明,冷、暖气团是由不同性质的亚微团在环境力的作用下向不同方向运动而形成的,而它们的交界面就是锋面.急流附近强动能梯度力能促进微团的分离,因此锋面与急流有很好的对应关系.另外,低空急流附近存在上干冷下暖湿的稳定气流,原因在于急流之上的能量梯度力与重力的方向相反,导致该区域微团所受到的作用力为零,形成稳定的结构.但当微团运动到急流出口处时,这种平衡不再存在,暖湿微团向上运动而干冷微团向下运动,形成剧烈的天气变化.地球自转所形成的离心力使得轻微团产生向北、向上的运动分量,导致极锋向北倾斜.气旋的形成同样是由亚微刚的分离而产生的.当轻微团离开微团,在绝对环境涡度场的作用下将发生旋转,旋转的方向与初始涡度的方向一致,在北半球地转涡度的垂直分量向上,为逆时针旋转,南半球为顺时针旋转.在气旋的形成过程中,轻亚微团在气压梯度力场和绝对涡度力的作用下呈现螺旋运动,是气旋系统普遍存在螺旋云带和雨带的原因.水汽是气旋在形成和加强过程中的基本能源,由于发生地的不同,温带气旋和台风在水汽输送方式上亦有差别:温带气旋主要依靠低空暖输送带进行水汽输送;台风因为发生在热带海洋,水汽充沛,各个层次都有水汽供应.气旋运动主要受三个力的制约:环境气压梯度场力、绝对涡度场力和环境涡度力,这三个力的作用导致台风在沿副热带高压边缘运动的同时,还存在蛇形路径和打转运动.