中国近海藻毒素及有毒微藻产毒原因种调查研究进展

麻痹性贝类毒素在我国近海污染问题已十分突出,基本呈现逐年加剧的趋势。20世纪90年代,南海麻痹性贝类毒素污染较重; 21世纪初,北黄海麻痹性贝类毒素污染较重;近几年,渤海和福建近海麻痹性贝类毒素污染较重;可产生麻痹性贝类毒素的微藻有亚历山大藻和裸甲藻等。采用小鼠生物法检测我国近海腹泻性贝类毒素超标率32%左右,采用液相色谱/质谱法检测,仅有3起超标的研究报道;现行小鼠生物法检测腹泻性贝类毒素假阳性问题十分突出,应尽快废除;腹泻性贝类毒素均是脂溶性的,脂溶性海洋生物毒素在我国近海常年可检出,偶有虾夷扇贝毒素和鳍藻毒素超标现象。可产生脂溶性毒素微藻有鳍藻和原甲藻及网状原角藻等。失忆性贝类毒素在我国近海常有检出,但无超标现象;产毒微藻有拟菱形藻等。西加鱼毒素在我国南海污染较重,但毒素标准物质的匮乏,限制了西加鱼毒素的调查研究;至今尚未确定产生西加鱼毒素的微藻。酶联免疫吸附法和液相色谱串联质谱法相结合已成为藻毒素快速准确检测成熟的技术,逐渐代替小鼠生物法和液相色谱法。     

中国近海棱梭群体形态学和耳石形态学研究

为研究棱梭不同地理群体间的形态差异,使用多元统计分析方法对采集自金门、厦门、虎门、湛江、北海和防城港6个地点邻近海域的棱梭群体样本的形态和矢耳石形态两方面进行比较研究。对棱梭样本的形态研究结合传统形态学和地标形态学开展,对矢耳石的形态研究则将传统耳石形态分析法和椭圆傅里叶分析法相结合,形态和耳石形态数据的分析结果相似。主成分分析结果表明从28个棱梭形态量度指标提取的前8个主成分累积贡献率为65. 868%,从85个耳石形态指标提取的前23个主成分的累积贡献率为79. 290%,根据临界值85. 000%可以推断这6个棱梭群体间形态和耳石形态上的差异不能够单独依靠少数指标来判断;聚类分析的结果总体显示出群体间差异与地理距离等因素相关联的分布规律;在判别分析中形态学量度指标的综合判别正确率为75. 9%,而耳石形态学指标的综合判别正确率略低,为69. 3%;对棱梭形态量度指标的单因子方差分析显示湛江棱梭群体与其他群体在形态上存在显著差异的量度指标较少。栖息地环境、饵料组成和海流等可能是导致形态学差异和耳石形态差异形成的主要因素。另一方面,理化因子的相似性和群体间的交流会减弱群体间形态和耳石形态的差异。     

中国沿海常见蓝子鱼形态比较研究

对中国沿海常见蓝子鱼科鱼类的外部形态、呼吸器官、感觉器官、消化器官、骨骼系统等形态特征进行了比较研究。发现不同种蓝子鱼在体形、鳃耙、耳石、肝脏、牙齿、头骨等特征上存在一定差异,但是种间差异较小,从而推断本科鱼类分化较缓慢。     

近岸Ⅱ类水体表层悬浮泥沙浓度遥感模式研究进展

因为具有明显的时间与空间分辨率优势,遥感数据成为近岸Ⅱ类水体悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)信息提取研究的重要数据源之一.悬浮泥沙遥感信息提取的现状可归纳为:(1)建立近岸Ⅱ类水体SSC遥感模式的方法有三种类型,分别是基于地面光谱与SSC测量的反射率反演方法、基于图像信息法和基于大气辐射传输理论模型法;(2)基于地面测量的反射率反演方法属于理论与经验相结合的方法,也是目前用于SSC定量化遥感模式研究的常用方法.其数学表达形式包括线性关系式、对数关系式、负指数关系式、Gordon模式和综合模式等;(3)到目前为止已有的Ⅱ类水体SSC遥感模式适用性方面还不理想,远未达到与试验室分析相匹配的精度.文章认为:加强地面水文光谱实验研究,建立多光谱SSC定量模式,以高分辨率和高光谱遥感融合数据为基础的SSC定量遥感是今后该方向发展趋势.     

山东南部近海秋季长蛇鲻相对资源量的分布及其影响因素

为探究长蛇鲻(Saurida elongate)的生态习性和分布规律,并为长蛇鲻资源的合理利用与养护提供科学依据,本文根据2016年秋季在山东南部近海进行的渔业资源与环境调查数据,分析了该海域长蛇鲻的分布特征,研究长蛇鲻成体、幼体的分布差异,并利用广义可加模型(GAM)研究其分布与生物因子和环境因子的关系。结果表明,长蛇鲻成体与幼体的分布存在差异,成体分布范围广,幼体主要分布在30 m等深线及以浅水域。GAM模型的结果表明,饵料生物、底层水温、水深和底层盐度是影响长蛇鲻相对资源量分布的主要因子。成体、幼体的分布与影响因子的关系差异极显著(P<0.01)。长蛇鲻成体的相对资源量随饵料生物和底层水温的增加表现为先上升后下降的趋势,而幼体呈现一致上升趋势;成体和幼体的相对资源量随水深增加均呈下降趋势;幼体相对资源量随底层盐度增加有明显上升趋势,而盐度对成体的影响不显著。本研究认为山东南部近海是长蛇鲻的重要栖息地,水温和盐度是成体和幼体分布差异的可能原因。     

九龙江口外浯屿海域底栖生物种类组成与数量分布

本文根据１９９５年的调查，报道了九龙江口外浯屿海域底栖生物的种类组成与数量分布。结果表明，本区底栖生物种类较丰富，组成以多毛类，甲动物，软体动物和棘皮动物为主。底栖生物数量较大，平均栖息密度为３００个／ｍ＾２，平均生物量为３１．０３ｇ／ｍ＾３，数量分布较不均匀。．     

Seasonal Study of Methane and Nitrous Oxide in the Coastal Waters of the Southern Baltic Sea

Atmospheric and dissolved methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were measured in the unique coastal ecosystem of theBoddenwaters, including the western Oder estuary, (southern Baltic Sea) during five campaigns between 1994 and 1997. The CH₄saturations, ranging from 105–15 500%, showed great spatial and temporal variability with maximum values in September and minimum values in December. The N₂O saturations were in the range of 91–312% with a maximum in March. Enhanced concentrations of both gases were observed only in the western Oder estuary near the mouth of the Peene River. Thus, we conclude that the distributions of CH₄and N₂O in the investigatedBoddenwaters are, directly or indirectly, linked to the Peene River runoff and not to the Oder River. Our estimate of the annual CH₄emissions from theBoddenwaters to the atmosphere indicates a significant contribution (c. 17%) to the overall CH₄emissions from the Baltic Sea. In contrast, theBoddenwaters represent only a small source for atmospheric N₂O.CH₄production rates estimated from sediment slurry experiments revealed a significant spatial variability and indicated that methanogenic activity was related to acetate consumption in the surface sediment layer. Sedimentary CH₄production might depend on different amounts of accumulation of organic material.     

海洋光合有效辐射分布的计算模式

针对一类海水，采用美国标准大气模型和一类水体海洋生物-光学特性的半分析方法，建立了海洋光合有效辐射计算模式。模式比较全面地考虑了大气、海-气界面和水体的光辐射传输过程，能较好地用于分析叶绿素浓度以及光辐射场的角分布对光俣有效辐射分布的影响。对模拟结果的分析以及与实测结果的比较表明，该模式能较好地应用于计算衰减系数、光谱辐照度随深度的分布、光合有效辐射随深度的分布和真光层深度，在海洋生态系统的光动力学研究和水色遥感方面有效好的应用前景。     

Effects of pulsed nutrient inputs on phytoplankton assemblage structure and blooms in an enclosed coastal area

The response of phytoplankton assemblage structure to terrestrial nutrient inputs was examined for the Gulf of Kalloni in the Northern Aegean Sea, a productive semi-enclosed coastal marine ecosystem. The study was focused on a typical annual cycle, and emphasis was placed on the comparative analysis between blooms developing after significant nutrient inputs from the watershed, and naturally occurring blooms. Baseline information was collected on a monthly basis from a network of stations located in the oligotrophic open sea and the interior and more productive part of the embayment. Intensive sampling was also carried out along a gradient in the vicinity of a river which was the most important source of freshwater and nutrient input for the Gulf. Phytoplankton assemblage structure was analyzed from 188 samples using diversity indices (Shannon and Average Taxonomic Distinctness), multivariate plotting methods (NMDS), multivariate statistics (PERMANOVA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Three characteristic assemblages were recognized: (1) an autumn assemblage developed under nutrient depleted conditions, having low diversity due to the dominance of two small diatoms, (2) a winter bloom of the potentially toxic species Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha occurring immediately after a nutrient peak and characterized by very low diversity, and (3) a naturally occurring early summer bloom of centric diatoms with relatively high diversity. The results of the study support the view that moderate nutrient inputs may have a beneficial effect on the functioning of coastal ecosystems, stimulating the taxonomic diversity through the growth of different taxonomic groups and taxa. On the other hand, a sudden pulse of high nutrient concentrations may greatly affect the natural succession of organisms, have a negative effect on the diversity through the dominance of a single species, and can increase the possibility of a harmful algal bloom development.     

河口物质和水体长期输运分离的理论分析和观测验证 Ⅰ.物质和水体长期输运分离的理论分析

基于单宽断面潮周期平均水体和物质对流输运通量,定义了二维水体和物质长期输运速度,它们分别描述单宽断面水体和物质长期输运的方向及快慢。通过二维水体和物质长期输运速度的对比分析,提出了物质和水体长期输运分离概念:受物质浓度影响,在物质和水体瞬时运动速度相同的情况下,物质和水体潮周期平均对流输运的方向和快慢可能存在差异。本文将二维物质长期输运速度分解为二维水体长期输运速度、二维潮泵输运速度和垂向切变输运速度,它们分别描述余流输运、潮泵输运和垂向切变输运,后两种输运造成单宽断面物质和水体长期输运分离。本文的分析表明,河口受地形、径流、潮流、密度梯度影响,存在有利于物质和水体长期输运分离的自然条件。