九龙江-河口表层水体营养盐含量的时空变化及潜在富营养化评价

分别于2012年9月、2013年1、6月,对九龙江两大支流北溪、西溪及河口区开展了3个航次的营养盐监测.研究结果表明,河口区表层水体溶解无机氮（DIN）、总磷（TP）和活性磷酸盐（PO4-P）质量浓度范围分别为0.13-17.35、0.14-1.00和0.00-0.38 mg/dm3,受上游输入和海水稀释作用,营养盐浓度由淡水端至海水端逐渐降低.北溪表层水体的DIN、TP和活性磷酸盐质量浓度范围分别为1.99-24.92、0.12-1.47和0.04-0.68 mg/dm3,受龙岩地区工农业生产及城市进程影响,由上游至下游逐渐降低.西溪表层水体的DIN、TP和活性磷酸盐质量浓度范围分别为2.74-20.61、0.14-0.92和0.02-0.37 mg/dm3,受上游农业生产和下游漳州地区人类活动影响,上下游的DIN质量浓度较高.此外,九龙江沿岸的人类活动可能影响了该地区水体中的溶解无机氮形态组成：北溪和西溪上游的NH4-N和NO3-N占比分别较高.水期分析表明,2013年1月的DIN浓度显著高于其他水期,而不同区域TP和活性磷酸盐的水期波动不尽相同.营养盐结构分析表明,九龙江总体处于磷限制状态,但在河口及北溪部分站位,CDIN/CPO4-P比值已达到适合浮游生物生长繁殖的水平.潜在富营养化程度评价表明,九龙江河口多数站位均处于N或P限制的富营养化级别,但由于N、P营养盐的绝对浓度较高,具有水华暴发的潜在风险.     

新疆克拉玛依强下坡风暴的机理研究

利用美国中尺度数值模式 WRF 对2013年3月7—8日克拉玛依强风进行了模拟,对下坡风发生、发展和结束3个阶段的三维结构特征进行了分析,并由此提出克拉玛依强下坡风的形成机制模型：上游地区出现中高层西南风、低层西北风并伴有强冷平流的配置,当风速不断增大时,气流能够翻越加依尔山在背风坡侧形成重力波,重力波相位向气流上游方向倾斜产生非线性效应,促进了波不稳定区域的形成并导致波破碎,形成湍流活跃层,不断把上层的能量向下传播;克拉玛依中低层形成三层夹心的大气层结稳定度分布,出现明显的过渡气流带从而导致强下坡风的形成;南北风分量在低层和中层符号相反,形成了临界层,不断吸收上层波能量并向地面传送,强下坡风暴不断维持发展。最后利用2006—2012年克拉玛依33个强下坡风过程中的探空观测资料对提出的形成机制进行了验证。     

DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON IN YANTAI SISHILI BAY AQUICULTURE WATERS

Investigation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) at 12 stations in Yantal Sishili Bay in May, August, and November of 1997 and March and May of 1998 showed that DOC concentrations varied from 1.14 mg/L to 5.35 mg/L; that the average values at all staticrLs ineach entise varied from 1.52 mg/L to 2.12 mg/L; that POC concentrafions varied from 0.049 mg/L to 1.411mg/L; and averaged 0.159 mg/L to 0.631 mg/L in each cruise. Horizontal distribution of DOC was influ-enced by factors such as continental input, organism activity, temperature, aquieulture environment, etc. The higher POC concentration occurred along the coast. The vertical distribution of DOC and POC changed obviously in spring and summer, but not obviously in autumn and winter. DOC concentration was highest in summer and POC in spring; both were lowest in winter. The seasonal change of DOC was con-sistent with primary productivity seasonal variation, and that of POC was consistent with ehlorophyll-a sea-sanal variation. The seasonal change trend of the C/N ratio of dissolved organic matter was obvious, but the C/N ratio of particulate organic matter had no such trend.     

Monitoring of percolation water to discriminate surficial inputs in a karst aquifer

 A long-term study on the chemistry of percolating waters in a very large touristic karst cave (Grotta Gigante, northern Italy) was carried out in order to define recharge zones, flowpaths, and possible anthropogenic contamination from the neighboring area. On the basis of a multivaried analysis of the chemical parameters, a discrimination of the dripping points was attempted. Percolation waters whose recharge zone is in the northernmost sector of the cave appeared permanently affected by the anthropic settlements and agricultural activity on the ground surface. Received: 28 April 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

Hydrogeochemistry and reservoir characterization of the Konya geothermal fields,Central Anatolia/Turkey

A conceptual model with water samples from ten geothermal fields (?smil, Ilg?n (Çavu?cugöl), Tuzlukçu-Ak?ehir, Seydi?ehir and Kavakköy, Hüyük, Ere?li-Akhüyük, Kad?nhan?, Cihanbeyli, Karap?nar and Bey?ehir) in the province of Konya defined the geothermal system. Carbonates, quartzite and marbles of Paleozoic metamorphics are the reservoir rocks and the heating sources are igneous rock intrusions and geothermal gradient. The variable thermal water (CaMgHCO₃, CaSO₄, NaSO₄, CaHCO₃, CaNaHCO₃, NaCl and CaNaClHCO₃) had EC and temperature between 177.8 and 56,100 μS/cm and between 18.3 and 44 °C, respectively. Ca²⁺ in geothermal fluids are associated with marble and carbonate rocks and the high chloride shows direct connection with deep geothermal system, and prolonged contact with evaporite rocks. Sulphate originates from dissolution of and oxidation of sulphate and sulphur-bearing minerals. The high As, B, F and Mn concentration in some thermal water samples were determined as 85 μg/l, 148.56 mg/l, 3.01 mg/l and 208.13 mg/l, respectively. Reservoir temperatures computed by Na/K geothermometers were between 85.37–158.89 °C for Ak?ehir thermal waters and 58.78–90.45 °C for Ere?li thermal waters. The maximum reservoir temperature of other geothermal waters was 75 °C by the silica geothermometers.     

九孔鲍养殖水体中产酶菌群的研究

为了解九孔鲍养殖环境中细菌生理菌群的生态作用,对分离自养殖水体的33株菌株的产酶能力和种类进行了研究。结果表明,具有分泌胞外蛋白酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶能力的菌株分别为39.4%、57.6%和30.3%;在这33株菌中,产至少一种胞外酶的菌株比例高达63.6%。API鉴定结果表明,在有能力分泌胞外蛋白酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶的菌株中,弧菌菌群所占的比例分别为46%、42%和40%,而其中河流弧菌又占各弧菌菌群比例的83.3%、62.5%和100%。充分阐明弧菌,尤其是河流弧菌为优势菌,在鲍鱼养殖微生物态中起的重要作用。     

Detecting subtle hydrochemical anomalies with multivariate statistics: an example from ‘homogeneous’ groundwaters in the Great Artesian Basin,Australia

The major ion composition of Great Artesian Basin groundwater in the lower Namoi River valley is relatively homogeneous in chemical composition. Traditional graphical techniques have been combined with multivariate statistical methods to determine whether subtle differences in the chemical composition of these waters can be delineated. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components analysis were successful in delineating minor variations within the groundwaters of the study area that were not visually identified in the graphical techniques applied. Hydrochemical interpretation allowed geochemical processes to be identified in each statistically defined water type and illustrated how these groundwaters differ from one another. Three main geochemical processes were identified in the groundwaters: ion exchange, precipitation, and mixing between waters from different sources. Both statistical methods delineated an anomalous sample suspected of being influenced by magmatic CO₂ input. The use of statistical methods to complement traditional graphical techniques for waters appearing homogeneous is emphasized for all investigations of this type. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Kinetics of phosphate adsorption by iron oxyhydroxides in aqueous systems

The rate of uptake of phosphate onto synthetic Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-derived oxyhydroxides has been studied using reaction conditions similar to those encountered in natural waters. Kinetic analyses were carried out on the adsorption profiles and both first-order and second-order conditional rate constants were obtained. The temperature dependence of some of the rate constants was investigated and corresponding apparent activation energies calculated. Similar experiments and analyses were undertaken using Fe from natural sources and in general the conditional rate constants obtained in seawater were in agreement with the synthetic ones. The results of this study are of value when comparing the time scales of adsorption processes in natural waters with the time scales of mixing and advection.     

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the seawater and surface sediments of Blanca Bay,Argentina

In order to characterize our study area and to provide reference values to be used in the future to measure the changes produced by an increase in contamination, the concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons have been investigated in fifty-one samples of seawater, taken at four different depths: air-sea interface, surface, one metre and bottom waters, and in twenty-three samples of surface sediments from Blanca Bay, Argentina. Of eleven organochlorine compounds we were looking for (α BHC, lindane, heptachlor, δ BHC. aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, o-p′DDD, p-p′DDD, o-p′DDT and p-p′DDT), seven could be detected in seawater and three in surface sediments with the following mean concentrations: α-BHC=48·2 ng l^?1; lindane=54·2 ng l^?1; heptachlor=45·0 ng l^?1; δ BHC=12·5 ng l^?1; aldrin=61·8 ng l^?1 and ΣDDT=67·0 ng l^?1; and δ BHC=3·2 ng g^?1; lindane=4·2 ng g^?1 and heptachlor=1·0 ng g^?1 for seawater, regarding the surface waters, and sediment samples, respectively.Concentration factors among the different water layers were also studied to see if there was any correlation between chlorinated hydrocarbon contents and the water depths from which the samples were taken. As a mean value, the air-sea interface water contains 18 times more of these compounds than that of the water near the bottom. A comparison of the values corresponding to seawater and surface sediments from our study area with those levels measured in samples from other geographic locations is also presented.With the purpose to detect a relationship between chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and the contents of particulate matter (PM) on the one hand, and particulate organic material (POM) on the other hand, four groups of samples containing different amounts of PM and POM, respectively were formed. From a comparison of the results obtained, lindane, heptachlor and δ BHC showed a tendency to lower concentrations in those samples containing little PM whereas α BHC and aldrin remained without important changes. No significant correlation was found between organochlorine levels and contents of POM.     

The hydrogeothermal basin of Sofia graben (Bulgaria)

Abstract In the Mesozoic basement and Neogene filling of Sofia tectonic graben a non-homogenous system of thermal water reservoirs connected to a united hydrogeothermal basin occurred. The basin contains and reproduces five types of low mineralized thermal waters and four types of mineralized thermal waters with exotic composition. The water temperatures are 30–80(90) ^°C. The total potential of the basin is assessed at 500 l/s thermal waters and 48 MWt thermal power. The utilization of thermal waters in the area of the Bulgarian capital has its roots and traditions in antiquity, and a promising future. The new town plan of Sofia provides construction of 35 centers for developing a versatile and prosperous hydrothermal business.