台风“菲特”引发的浙江余姚地质灾害类型与特征分析

余姚市地处浙东沿海,受2013年23号强台风“菲特”影响,遭受百年一遇强降雨,农村山区地质灾害频发,因灾损失达200×10^8元以上。通过对余姚159处地质灾害的调查和统计分析,余姚市地质灾害类型主要为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流,滑坡占本次地质灾害总数的64．2％,主要为小型浅表土质滑坡,中型泥石流2处。地质灾害的发生与降雨、地形地貌、松散层厚度以及人类活动等多个方面因素有关,其中松散层厚度和人类工程活动影响最为明显。文中提出了相关的预防措施,通过加强防灾避灾宣传,严格审批农村切坡建房,对重要地段的适当回避等,防治并举,以减轻同类地质灾害的影响。     

Direct simulation of solute recycling in irrigated areas

Solute recycling from irrigation can be described as the process that occurs when the salt load that is extracted from irrigation wells and distributed on the fields is returned to the groundwater below irrigated surfaces by deep percolation. Unless the salt load leaves the system by means of drains or surface runoff, transfer to the groundwater will take place, sooner or later. This can lead to solute accumulation and thus to groundwater degradation, particularly in areas where extraction rates exceed infiltration rates (semi-arid and arid regions). Thus, considerable errors can occur in a predictive solute mass budget if the recycling process is not accounted for in the calculation. A method is proposed which allows direct simulation of solute recycling. The transient solute response at an extraction well is shown to be a superposition of solute mass flux contributions from n recycling cycles and is described as a function of the travel time distribution between a recycling point and a well. This leads to an expression for a transient ‘recycling source’ term in the advection–dispersion equation, which generates the effect of solute recycling. At long times, the ‘recycling source’ is a function of the local capture probability of the irrigation well and the solute mass flux captured by the well from the boundaries. The predicted concentration distribution at steady state reflects the maximum spatial concentration distribution in response to solute recycling and can thus be considered as the solute recycling potential or vulnerability of the entire domain for a given hydraulic setting and exploitation scheme. Simulation of the solute recycling potential is computationally undemanding and can therefore, for instance, be used for optimisation purposes. Also, the proposed method allows transient simulation of solute recycling with any standard flow and transport code.     

陕西大理河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应

近年来,土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究已成为国际的前沿和重点。在大理河流域,LUCC(包括水土保持措施)对水循环和水量平衡产生了深远影响,该流域LUCC水文效应的研究势在必行。根据研究区1990年代三期土地利用数据分析了LUCC的时空变化特征,采用特征变量时间序列法及降水-径流模型对LUCC水文效应进行了研究。结果表明:流域土地利用类型以耕地和草地为主,近10年来,耕地和草地面积有所减少,而林地和建设用地面积持续增加;流域年径流和月径流演化过程均表现出明显的下降趋势;LUCC及水土保持具有减少流域年径流、汛期流量以及增加枯季流量的作用,相对于降水因素,人类活动对流域水文的作用占主导地位;在1990~2000年期间,主要由LUCC引起的年均径流减少量达2616.6×10⁴ m³,占该期间实测减水总量的62.19%。     

Drainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China

Landform classification is one of the most important procedures in recognizing and dividing earth surface landforms. However, topographical homogeneity and differences in regional-scale landforms are often ignored by traditional pixel- and object-based landform classification methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In this work, a drainage basin object-based method for classifying regional-scale landforms is proposed. Drainage basins with least critical areas are first delineated from DEMs. Then, terrain derivatives of mean elevation, mean slope, drainage density, drainage depth, and terrain texture are employed to characterize the morphology of the drainage basins. Finally, a decision tree based on the topographical characteristics of the drainage basins is constructed and employed to determine the landform classification law. The experiment is validated in the landform classification of regional-scale loess areas in China. Results show that clear boundaries exist in different landforms at the regional scale. Landform type in a specific region shows significant topographical homogeneity under its specific regional geomorphological process. Classification accuracies are 87.3 and 86.3% for the field investigation and model validation, respectively. Spatial patterns of classified landforms and their proximity to sediment sources and other factors can be regarded as indicators of the evolutionary process of loess landform formation.     

自适应馈线保护在胜利海上平台供电系统中的应用研究

介绍了自适应电流保护原理在胜利海上平台供电系统中的应用。应用该原理的电流保护克服了传统电流保护一成不变的定值、受系统运行方式和短路类型的影响较大等缺点,它充分发挥了微机的记忆、逻辑判断、数学运算等强大的功能,提供实时计算保护装设处到系统等效电源间的阻抗,通过不断监视负荷电流来自动整定过流保护,并引入了反时限特性,解决了实际存在的技术问题,使得保护装置灵敏可靠。     

六枝煤矿区构造体系初步分析

六枝煤矿区属于威宁—郎岱褶皱束的一部分,NW向构造占据主要地位。地史上该区有多次升降运动,二叠纪的东吴运动,伴随基性岩浆活动;侏罗、白垩纪的燕山运动,使本区发生大规模的褶皱和断裂;喜马拉雅运动的影响使本区构造复杂化。形成NE向扭性断层;构造复合的基本方式是横跨和限制。构造分析表明,NE向构造形成较早,NW向构造形成较晚。     

闽东北地区夏季对流云特征的初步分析

利用新一代天气雷达资料分析闽东北地区夏季对流云的回波特征。分析表明:多单体合并对流云在生命史、回波高度、强度、尺度等方面都超过了单体对流云,其液态水总量也更大,自然降水条件和人工影响潜力都优于单体对流云,是夏季降水和人工催化的重要云系。分析得到对流云发展的不同阶段、不同高度层辐合辐散特点,为进一步研究夏季对流云结构和降水原理提供科学依据。通过对两个个例的天气形势分析,指出冷空气对对流发展有一定的激发作用。     

土层地震反应中软弱夹层对加速度反应谱的影响

为了研究土层地震反应中软弱夹层对加速度反应谱的影响,本文构造了多种包含不同厚度、不同位置软夹层的土层结构,通过国内地震安评通用的ESE软件进行计算、分析。研究结果表明,软夹层的厚度、位置、输入地震动的幅值等对加速度反应谱均有不同程度的影响,上部含有软夹层的土层结构能造成反应谱出现双峰现象,引起加速度反应谱特征周期变大。本文研究结果对软土地区工程抗震设计有一定参考价值。     

遥感监测下的渝东南小城镇镇区拓展特征探究

DUAN Songjiang