Geochemical features and origin of natural gas in heavy oil area of the Western Slope,Songliao Basin,China

The Western Slope of the Songliao Basin is rich in heavy oil resources (>70 × 10⁸ bbl), around which there are shallow gas reservoirs (∼1.0 × 10¹² m³). The gas is dominated by methane with a dryness over 0.99, and the non-hydrocarbon component being overwelmingly nitrogen. Carbon isotope composition of methane and its homologs is depleted in ¹³C, with δ¹³C₁ values being in the range of −55‰ to −75‰, δ¹³C₂ being in the range of −40‰ to −53‰ and δ¹³C₃ being in the range of −30‰ to −42‰, respectively. These values differ significantly from those solution gases source in the Daqing oilfield. This study concludes that heavy oils along the Western Slope were derived from mature source rocks in the Qijia-Gulong Depression, that were biodegraded. The low reservoir temperature (30–50 °C) and low salinity of formation water with neutral to alkaline pH (NaHCO₃) appeared ideal for microbial activity and thus biodegradation. Natural gas along the Western Slope appears mainly to have originated from biodegradation and the formation of heavy oil. This origin is suggested by the heavy δ¹³C of CO₂ (−18.78‰ to 0.95‰) which suggests that the methane was produced via fermentation as the terminal decomposition stage of the oil.     

阿拉伯板块古生代岩相古地理及其对油气富集的控制作用

中东阿拉伯板块自寒武纪以来为一个构造相对稳定的块体, 油气储量占全球重要地位。近年来, 深部古生界储层成为油气勘探新发现的主要层系。本文通过调研中东区域地质、含油气盆地地质资料, 结合油气藏层位及分布特征, 编制阿拉伯板块寒武纪、奥陶纪、志留纪、泥盆纪、早二叠世、晚二叠世等6个地质时期的岩相古地理图, 并分析对油气富集特征的控制作用。研究结果表明: (1)寒武纪-志留纪, 阿拉伯板块整体以陆相-浅海相沉积环境为主, 早志留世的快速海侵形成热页岩, 为古生界油气生成提供了雄厚的物质基础; (2)泥盆纪-石炭纪, 海西构造事件造成抬升剥蚀, 使志留纪烃源岩能够发生垂向/侧向运移至二叠系储层; (3)早二叠世以碎屑岩沉积为主, 晚二叠世为海相和局限海沉积环境, 形成了以碳酸盐岩储层和蒸发盐岩盖层为主的优质储盖组合; (4)已发现油气藏主要分布在寒武系-志留系陆相碎屑岩、下二叠统陆相-海陆过渡相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩以及上二叠统海相碳酸盐岩储层中, 上二叠统碳酸盐岩为最重要的储层, 志留系热页岩广泛分布、基底继承性构造和前寒武系盐穹隆为古生界油气运聚提供了有利条件。

     

NOAA WP-3D instrumentation and flight operations on AGASP-II

The second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II) was conducted across the non-Soviet Arctic in March and April 1986, to study the aerosol, gaseous, chemical, and optical properties of Arctic haze. One component of the program was supported with an instrumented NOAA WP-3D atmospheric research aircraft. Measurements of wind, temperature, ozone, water vapor, condensation nucleus concentration, and aerosol scattering extinction coefficient were used to determine the locations and properties of haze layers. The first three NOAA WP-3D research flights were conducted north of Barrow, Alaska, and over the Beaufort Sea northeast of Barter Island, Alaska. The next three sampled conditions in the high Arctic near Alert, Northwest Territories, Canada. All basic meteorological, gas, and aerosol systems are described. The WP-3D flight tracks and operations are presented.     

南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩和石化微生物细菌及地质意义

通过对2002年广州海洋地质调查局在南海北部海域拖网采集的碳酸盐岩样品进行岩石、矿物、微量元素和同位素特征的研究,证实在南海水合物远景区发育有冷泉碳酸盐岩。冷泉碳酸盐岩形态类似于烟囱,主要由方解石、伊利石、石英、黄铁矿和一种未知的矿物组成。保存了很可能是石化的甲烷氧化和硫酸盐还原细菌。碳酸盐岩矿物的δ^13CPDB为-51.24‰～-51．757‰。碳酸盐岩矿物的页岩标准化稀土元素配分模式具无Ce和Eu异常、微弱的轻稀土亏损和中稀土富集特征,表明形成于还原的缺氧环境,显示了冷泉碳酸盐岩的特征,指示在南海北部水合物远景分布区内冷泉活动的近海底可能发育有水合物。     

煤层气成藏的宏观动力能条件及其地质演化过程--以山西沁水盆地为例

煤层气成藏维系于其能量平衡系统,宏观上受控于“四场互动”过程,核心是能量的有效传递及其地质选择过程。以沁水盆地为例,对构造动力能、热动力能、地下水动力能等宏观动力能的地质演化过程进行了深入探讨,阐明了不同宏观动力能对煤层气成藏的控制作用。结果表明:研究区构造动力能及其演化总体经历了4个阶段;热动力能及其演化和由其控制的煤化作用同样经历了4个阶段;地下水动力能及其演化包括3个阶段。其中,燕山中期的剧烈岩浆活动是宏观动力能条件演化的关键时期。以构造动力能为主线,将其他能量场贯穿起来,可知宏观动力能与煤层气成藏之间的耦合关系如下:盆地北部阳泉—寿阳区域,是煤层气成藏有利区域之一,但不利于煤层气高产;盆地南部晋城—阳城及沁水北部区域,不仅是煤层气成藏有利区域,而且利于煤层气高产;盆地中部沁源地区是煤层气成藏和高产的有利区域;盆地东部的屯留—襄垣区域是煤层气成藏有利区域之一,但不利于煤层气高产。     

Distribution Characteristics and Accumulation Model for the Coal‐formed Gas Generated from Permo‐Carboniferous Coal Measures in Bohai Bay Basin,China: A Review

Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin, offshore eastern China. However, the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date, and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear. Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin. The accumulations are scattered, and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields, of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3. The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin. Vertically, the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic, among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata. According to the transporting pathway, filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir, the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types: "Upward migrated, fault transported gas" accumulation model, "Laterally migrated, sandbody transported gas" accumulation model, and "Downward migrated, sub-source, fracture transported gas" accumulation model. Source rock distribution, thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas. The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.     

江汉平原古生界构造结构特征及油气勘探方向

江汉平原古生界具有北西—南东向分为三块、北东—南西向分为三带及纵向上多层楼的构造结构特征。三个区块为当阳—京山构造区、荆州—仙桃构造区及鄂城—大冶构造区,每个区块均可划分出三个次级构造带,并在全区形成三个构造变形分带。这三个分带在变形强度、构造样式等方面具有特征性差异:北东侧的构造分带受东秦岭—大别山造山运动产生的挤压应力的直接作用,显示以逆冲推覆结构为主要特征;南西侧的构造分带在三个构造区有差别,在当阳—京山构造区形成斜坡稳定带,在另两个构造区则以推覆叠瓦构造为特征;中部构造分带一般显示前缘断褶或复合叠加构造。当阳—京山构造区东部和鄂城—大冶构造区应以逆冲推覆体为勘探对象;荆州—仙桃构造区的仙桃地区应以上古生界油气藏为勘探目标;当阳—京山构造区西部宜昌稳定带和荆州—仙桃构造区的珂理—簰洲地区则应以下古生界油气藏为勘探目标。     

Quantitative Analysis of Central Asian Countries’ Energy Security and Its Political Influence Factors

Central Asian countries are located in the heartland of the Eurasian Continent. Their geographic location puts their energy flows under tremendous geopolitical pressure from the countries along their limited number of pipelines. With energy trade data from the United Nations Comtrade Statistics Database in the period from 2005 to 2016, this paper evaluates energy security of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan (exporter) and Kyrgyzstan (importer) using three standards: correlativeness, diversity, and the impact of international relations. It concludes that Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan’s oil markets are balanced in terms of correlation and diversification, and thus less subject to geopolitical pressure. Turkmenistan’s gas markets, on the other hand, still have tremendous exposure to geopolitical risks for lack of diversification. Kyrgyzstan, as an energy importer, could rely on a few neighboring countries for energy supply. We found out that the three Central Asian countries’ energy security is largely determined by four political factors: the relationship with Russia, the new “great game” in Eurasia, the rise of China, and Central Asian regional geopolitical configuration.     

柱色谱分离-分子筛络合洗脱过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素分馏研究

应用气相色谱-气体同位素质谱（GC-C-IRMS）分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素之前,需要对饱和烃样品中正构烷烃和异构烷烃进行预分离、富集,在预分离和富集过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏是高精度分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值（δ13C）的关键。本文以正构烷烃混合溶液为对象,利用柱色谱、5Å分子筛络合、环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂两次洗脱,GC-C-IRMS分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素,研究前处理过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏。结果表明：使用柱色谱分离前后,多数正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰~0.2‰;当5Å分子筛不完全络合时,未络合的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值偏重约0.7‰,可能发生了微弱的碳同位素分馏,但并未影响洗脱后的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值;使用环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂洗脱前后,碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰~0.5‰,以同样方式洗脱第二次,获得的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值与模拟样品相差-0.3‰~0.2‰。分析不同回收率（>20%）正构烷烃的单体碳同位素比值,处理前后的差值基本在0.3‰以内,可见当正构烷烃回收率低至20%左右时,其单体碳同位素仍未发生明显分馏。柱色谱分离-5Å分子筛络合-混合溶剂洗脱方法适用于回收率大于20%的正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析。     

海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(III):似海底反射

对天然气水合物研究中与似海底反射有关的一些观点进行讨论 ,以推动天然气水合物地震研究的认识 .30年的似海底反射研究表明 ,似海底反射仍然是指示天然气水合物沉积存在的最好手段之一 .有似海底反射 ,是可以认为存在天然气水合物的 .虽然存在“游离气带速度模型”与“水合物楔速度模型” ,但似海底反射主要由天然气水合物稳定带底界下方的游离气引起 .BSR上方的天然气水合物、下方的游离气与天然气再循环和含甲烷的流体流有关 .由于天然气水合物稳定带计算控制因素难以准确确定等因素 ,似海底反射与天然气水合物稳定带底界只是近似的对应关系 .需从动态的观点考虑天然气水合物 天然气体系及其与似海底反射的关系 .