谷氨酰胺二肽对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡及肠粘膜形态的影响

采用饲养对比试验方法,研究了谷氨酰胺二肽（Gin二肽）对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡和肠绒毛的影响及对虾体健康的作用。结果表明,饲喂Gin二肽各组的PO、LSZ、ACP含量均显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组,添加0.5％和1．0％Gin二肽组的SOD和ALP含量也显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组：添加1．0％Gin二肽的TP含量显著（P〈0．05）高于其它各组。血清TP、PA、UN、CHO、PO、LSZ、SOD、ALP、ACP和LDH等各项指标均随Gin二肽添加量的提高而呈现增加趋势。试验建立了流式细胞术检测对虾肝胰腺细胞凋亡率的方法;肝胰腺细胞凋亡率随着日粮Gin二肽添加量的增加而显著降低（P〈0．05）。肠道切片显微观测结果表明,添加1．0％的Gin二肽能显著增加日本对虾肠绒毛高度（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加Gin二肽可显著提高日本对虾血清中的溶菌酶、抗氧化酶及磷酸酶活性,降低肝胰腺细胞凋亡率,增加肠绒毛高度,改善虾体健康状况。     

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属元素含量分布及其影响因素

根据2003和2006年长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物样品的粒度组成和元素铬、铜、镍、铅、锌、铝、钙和锶的含量,分析了重金属元素含量的分布特征,探讨了含量的变化趋势及其对人类活动的响应。自2003年三峡工程一期蓄水完成到2006年6月,长江输沙量逐年减少,长江口海域沉积物中黏土的百分含量明显增加,但是沉积物分布的总体格局并没有发生明显的变化。重金属元素大多在泥质区沉积物中富集,高值区沿岸线呈带状分布,在最大浑浊带和口外羽状锋处达到峰值。在长江大量物质输入的背景下,研究区沉积物中重金属元素含量相对其他类似河口较低。河流的陆源颗粒输入、水动力条件、细颗粒物质的吸附以及絮凝作用是控制沉积物中重金属元素含量分布的主要因素,氧化还原条件也对重金属元素含量变化有一定的影响。人类活动(重大工程的建设和人为污染)对长江口外泥质区中重金属元素含量有重要影响,尤其对铅和锌的含量及其分布的影响显著。自2003年三峡工程一期蓄水以来,长江口海域表层沉积物中重金属元素沉积机制未有明显的变化,但是重金属元素含量有逐渐降低的趋势。     

Analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Red Sea of Yemen

A field work has been carried out to identify the occurrence of oil and oil products pollution in mangrove sediment from Red Sea of Yemen. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons is from 700ng/g at Kamaran Island station to 400 ng/g at Al-Hodiedah station, and the total organic carbon （TOC） in samples ranges from 0. 07% at Dhubab station to 0. 03% at Kamaran Island station. This pollution is as a result of localized oil pollution and/or heavy ship traffic in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.     

Estimate of fine sediment deposit dynamics over a gravel bar using photography analysis

Three different methods to analyse fine sediment deposits on a gravel bar using pictures are presented in this paper. A manual digitization and deposits zone delineation are performed as well as two different automated procedures. The three methods are applied on aerial pictures taken in 2006 by a drone from a height around 150 m above the study site. Two other sets of pictures taken in 2010 are also studied: the first set was obtained from the left side bank of the river at approximately 15m above the gravel bar whereas the second one was taken from a helicopter flying 600～m above the ground. These methods were used to estimate the surface of fine sediment deposits before and after flushing events. They yield similar results even if the first automated procedure is able to capture smaller patches of fine sediments. The total surface of fine sediment deposits seems to be similar before and after a flushing event, but the distribution appears quite different. Before a flushing event, a significant amount of fine sediment deposits are mixed with coarser sediments. After the flushing event, one can observe more large fine sediment deposits located on the downstream part of the secondary channel and at the channel margin. Most of the small fine sediment deposit patches were washed out. A short discussion is provided on the possible dynamics of fine sediment deposits over the gravel bar.     

Controls on the morphological evolution of embayed beaches: Morphometry versus external forcing

The morphological evolution of embayed beaches on a microtidal coast is assumed to largely respond to the degree of exposure to wave conditions, decreasing the mobility with increasing beach indentation (and vice versa). However, the number of sediment arrivals at the beach or the impact of extreme storms can modify this relationship. Here, we present an analysis of 10 embayed beaches along the Catalan coast with different morphometric and sedimentary characteristics to identify the most relevant parameters controlling the morphological evolution of these embayed beaches at the inter-annual and decadal scales. The study was mostly based on LiDAR topographic data collected from 2012 to 2017, aerial photographs from 1945 to 2021, sediment sampling and a long-term series analysis of the forcing parameters (waves, sea level, precipitation and land-use changes). The results show a net loss of volume on all the studied beaches at an inter-annual scale and a general shoreline retreat during the last few decades, suggesting the influence of common processes on the evolution of the studied beaches. Smaller pocket beaches with medium-to-high indentations are more sensitive to changes induced by local factors and show higher variability in the volume of the emerged beach and shoreline position than larger beaches. The most relevant factors influencing the evolution of the studied beaches on a decadal scale were identified as changes in sea level and the reduction in sediment inputs provided by streams due to land-use changes in the drainage basin. At the inter-annual scale, the impact of extreme events is the main factor controlling beach behaviour. These general trends can be opposite locally for beaches that receive large amounts of sediment via longshore transport from adjacent beaches.     

Effect of urbanization on runoff characteristics of the On-Cheon Stream watershed in Pusan,Korea

This study investigated the effect of urbanization on runoff from the On-Cheon Stream watershed in Pusan, Korea. This watershed has been experiencing considerable urbanization since the 1960s. There are two gauging stations in the watershed. For one of the stations there are recent flow data and for the other flow data were observed in the past. A linear reservoir model was chosen and runoff was analysed for several flood events. The linear reservoir model has been found to generate flood hydrographs accurately for both gauging stations, and its applicability to the study area has also been established. Using two methods of computing effective rainfall or rainfall excess (ϕ-index and constant percentage method), the results of runoff analyses were investigated. The ϕ-index method yielded better results than the constant percentage method. A comparison of hydrographs observed in the past with the simulation results at the Ie-Sup bridge site revealed that the peak discharge increased and the mean lag time of the study area decreased owing to urbanization over the past two decades. It is also possible to evaluate the effect of urbanization quantitatively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A data‐based mechanistic modelling (DBM) approach to understanding dynamic sediment transmission through Wyresdale Park Reservoir,Lancashire, UK

This paper outlines the application of a new data‐based mechanistic (DBM) modelling methodology to the characterization of the sediment transmission dynamics in a small upland reservoir, Wyresdale Park, Lancashire. The DBM modelling strategy exploits advanced statistical procedures to infer the dynamic model structure and its associated parameters directly from the instrumented data, producing a parametrically efficient, continuous time, transfer function model which relates suspended sediment load at the reservoir inflow to the outflow at the event scale. The associated differential equation model parameters have physical attributes which can be interpreted in terms of sediment transmission processes and associated reservoir trap efficiency. Sedigraph analysis suggests that wind‐induced resuspension episodically supplies an additional load to the reservoir outlet. The stochastic nature of the DBM model makes it ideal for evaluating the effects of uncertainty through Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) for discharge and sediment transmission. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China：Ⅰ. Provenances of desert sands

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transportation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large basins and thus largely increases the degree of sediment mixing, alternation and recycle between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

应用遥感技术分析廉州湾悬沙的动态特征

该文依据美国陆地卫星 (Landsat)接收的MSS、TM资料 ,得到廉州湾海区表层悬沙分布的解译图 ,分析廉州湾及湾外海区水流流场特征、悬沙的分布及输移扩散特征 ,并就潮流、径流等水动力对湾内悬沙运动、滩槽冲淤的作用和影响进行了讨论