长江河口悬浮颗粒物研究

１９９４年１１月、１９９６年９月和１９９７年１月使用ＦＡＣＳｃａｎ流式细胞仪技术等分析观测手段对长江河口悬浮体进行了研究。结果表明,长江河口悬浮体中,具有有机性的颗粒数占总颗粒数的６０％￣７０％;在颗粒粒径分布上,粗颗粒物质（〉８μｍ）主要为有机物质（生物残体、小型藻类、矿物－有机物集合体）,细颗粒物质（〈８μｍ）主要为粘土矿物、有有机物附着和具有有机裹层的粘呈集合体;有机性颗粒物质含量随盐度变化     

角毛藻属(7株)总脂含量及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

在温度为25±1°C,盐度为28的条件下,用F/2培养基对七株角毛藻(Chaetocerosspp.)进行培养.在指数生长期末期进行收获.测定了七株角毛藻的总脂含量及脂肪酸组成.其主要脂肪酸为14:0(3.0-24.92),16:0(8.2-28.5%),16:1n-7(16.0-42.3%)和20:5n-3(4.2-10.42),其中B13的20:5n-3含量最高,占总脂肪酸的10.4%     

有机污染对中国对虾体内外环境影响的研究

于１９９４－１９９５年分二批人工配合饵料作为有机污染源，进行有机污染对中国对虾体内外环境影响的研究，结果表明：１．经１０ｄ，试验池水中的ＤＯ含量明显降低，而ＣＯＤＮＨ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ２－Ｎ等迅速增加，分别是对照的２．５，２．１，１１．３倍，Ｈ２Ｓ含量轻２８ｄ后为对照组２．１倍，同时，试验组各菌群的密度也分别比对照组增加２－３个数量级，２．试验且虾的超氧化物歧化酶，酚氧化酶及溶菌酶的活性比对照组显著下降     

Ion chemistry and N-containing molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere

High-energy photons, electrons, and ions initiate ion-neutral chemistry in Titan's upper atmosphere by ionizing the major neutral species (nitrogen and methane). The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft performed the first composition measurements of Titan's ionosphere. INMS revealed that Titan has the most compositionally complex ionosphere in the Solar System, with roughly 50 ions at or above the detection threshold. Modeling of the ionospheric composition constrains the density of minor neutral constituents, most of which cannot be measured with any other technique. The species identified with this approach include the most complex molecules identified so far on Titan. This confirms the long-thought idea that a very rich chemistry is actually taking place in this atmosphere. However, it appears that much of the interesting chemistry occurs in the upper atmosphere rather than at lower altitudes. The species observed by INMS are probably the first intermediates in the formation of even larger molecules. As a consequence, they affect the composition of the bulk atmosphere, the composition and optical properties of the aerosols and the flux of condensable material to the surface. In this paper, we discuss the production and loss reactions for the ions and how this affects the neutral densities. We compare our results to neutral densities measured in the stratosphere by other instruments, to production yields obtained in laboratory experiments simulating Titan's chemistry and to predictions of photochemical models. We suggest neutral formation mechanisms and highlight needs for new experimental and theoretical data.     

Carbon dioxide dynamics in rivers and coastal waters of the “big island” of Hawaii,USA, during baseline and heavy rain conditions

The distributions of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and total alkalinity (TA) were examined for a 6-month period in the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers and coastal waters of Hilo Bay on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii, USA. Main results for the largest and turbulent Wailuku River show in the watershed an oversaturation in CO₂ with respect to atmospheric equilibrium and a CO₂ undersaturation in the estuary. In the Wailoa river-estuary system, extremely high pCO₂ values ranging from 1500 to 10500 ppm were measured with significant shifts in pCO₂ from drought to flood period. In the two rivers, water residence time, groundwater inputs and occasional flood events are the predominant drivers of the spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution of pCO₂. In Hilo Bay, CO₂ oversaturation dominates and the bay was a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere during the study period. TA is conservative along the salinity gradient, indicating calcification in the bay is not a significant source of CO₂ to the atmosphere.     

煤的灰份、镜质组份指标在煤层对比中的应用——以库车阿艾煤矿区克孜勒库坦东部为例

以大量钻孔煤心化验成果及煤岩鉴定特征资料为基础,通过分析研究,利用各煤层煤的灰份、镜质组份指标的差异性进行煤层对比,很好地解决勘查中各煤层的编号归属.     

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS receiver network in Japan: a short review

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) are wave-like perturbations of the ionospheric plasma with wavelengths of several hundred kilometres and velocities of several hundred metres per second. MSTID is one of the most common ionospheric phenomena that generally induce the perturbations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by ∼10¹⁶ electron/m², which corresponds to ∼54 ns (16.2 cm) delay at GPS L1 signal. In the past decade, several new characteristics on MSTIDs have been revealed by the TEC observations using the dense GPS receiver network in Japan. In this paper, we provide a short review of these new observations and summarize the morphological characteristics of MSTIDs in Japan.     

Size dependent partitioning of organic material: evidence for the formation of organic coatings on aqueous aerosols

Organic aerosol formation resulting from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, myrcene and sabinene was investigated in a large aerosol chamber in the presence of aqueous seed aerosols. The chemical composition of the particles was monitored by an aerosol mass spectrometer (Aerodyne Research Inc.) as a function of time and the particle size. Smaller particles were found to contain more organics relative to sulfate than the larger ones. In contrast, the water to sulfate mass ratio was not dependent on the particle size. These experimental findings indicate the formation of organic layers on the particles. With the aid of an aerosol dynamic model we demonstrate that the observations are consistent with the formation of multilayered organic films having thicknesses of approximately 10 nm. The results also suggest that the films were formed through condensation of low-volatile oxidation products that did not take up water considerably. Even though dissolution of oxidation products into the particle aqueous phase cannot be conclusively ruled out, the most plausible interpretation of the results is that the monoterpene ozonolysis lead to the formation of organic coatings on aqueous aerosols. Such films are likely to form in regions with monoterpene emissions.     

Is there a significant diffusive “salt-pump mechanism” for the transport of organic contaminants from the marine environment into fresh water aquifers? A discussion contribution

We analyse recent claims of an additional risk of diffusive intrusion by marine organic contamination (OC) into coastal aquifers, and discuss the activity-driven “salt-pump mechanism” which is claimed to accelerate this diffusion. The reported accelerations of transport of OC out of saltwater are far too large to be due to activity effects on simple diffusion. There probably is a small acceleration of diffusion out of saltwater, but there is no direct experimental evidence for this. Possible experimental artefacts are suggested. Larger effects on diffusion in the literature are shown to be not relevant to this problem. Diffusion of suspended OC, present in the experiments, is too slow to be significant; however, this suspended material is shown to have serious implications for the proposed interpretation of the results. Until these results are better understood, no conclusions about any possible environmental implications can be drawn from them.

Fluorescence spectra of Titan tholins: in-situ detection of astrobiologically interesting areas on Titan's surface

We report the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of Titan tholins in water and acetonitrile, and separate some of the fluorescent components of tholins using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. In acetonitrile, tholins exhibit a broad fluorescence with a maximum at 471 nm, and an excitation maximum at 410 nm. The fluorescence spectrum of a water extraction displays a more complicated spectrum with multiple peaks. TLC results indicate the presence of at least three distinct fluorescent species. In addition, we obtained the two-dimensional fluorescence spectrum of tholins in water ice at 77 K, close to the surface temperature of Titan. The fluorescence of tholins in a 77 K ice matrix is red-shifted in comparison to a water solution, and undergoes a further red-shift when the water solution is heated prior to freezing. These results suggest that a simple fluorescence probe could be used on the surface of Titan to identify sites where tholins have been mixed with water, and possibly reveal information about the extent of heating the tholin-water mixture has undergone. This would be useful for a future mission with the goal of examining the organic chemistry of Titan.