RTK和全站仪技术在管线工程测量中的联合应用——以西气东输二线温米段为例

常规测量仪器进行管线工程的全线测量,存在着操作繁杂、效率低、精度差、测量成本高等问题。为了提高测量的精度和效率,在西气东输二线工程温米段的工程测量中,尝试着使用了RTK和全站仪技术结合的方法,用全站仪来补测RTK不易准确测量的路段。在很短时间内,完成了全线路的控制、测图、纵横断面测量等外业工作,并保证了各项精度指标符合规范要求。由此说明,联合作业的方法,起到了优势互补的作用,取得了比较好的效果。     

GC-MS联用技术对卤水中有机物的分析

盐湖卤水由于富集了大量的复杂有机物,而具有浓厚的颜色,脱除这些有色物质,既可以减少卤水对生产设备的危害,又可以提高产品的色度,有利于卤水的综合开发利用,是卤水精制的主要内容。采用不同极性的有机溶剂正己烷和氯仿分别对盐湖卤水中的有机物进行萃取分离,浓缩处理,通过GC-MS联用技术对萃取后的有机提取物进行分离和结构鉴定。结果表明,盐湖卤水中主要含有一些饱和脂肪烃、芳香烃、醇类、酯类、酮类和醚类有机物,为卤水脱色的研究提供了一定的线索和指导。     

Biochemical Characterization of Refractory Organic Substances

The characterization of refractory organic substances (ROS) is very complicated because of their heterogeneous structure. Size-exclusion chromatography with continuous detection of dissolved nitrogen (LC-DN), dissolved organic carbon (LC-DOC), and UV-absorbance (LC-UV) is a very useful analytical tool for the characterization of changes of ROS in natural aquatic systems and in technological treatment. The effect of natural, oxidative, and biochemical processes on formation and removal of ROS is described. Additionally the role of hydrolysable carbohydrates in the composition of ROS is presented.     

Einflußfaktoren auf die Freisetzung von DOC und AOX unter ehemaligen Abwasserversickerungsflächen

Factors Influencing the Release of DOC and AOX out of Former Wastewater Infiltration Soils The influence of soil and of infiltration water quality on the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) from two former wastewater infiltration sites was investigated in laboratory column studies. Desorption was the most important factor influencing release processes. It depends on the amount of sorbent and sorbate and the strength of binding. Therefore, for constant irrigation rates a higher soil organic carbon content coincided with higher DOC-contents of the column effluent, while the irrigation water quality was of minor importance. Within one system the dependencies of AOX release and DOC mobilization were found to be similar. Transferring these dependencies on other systems has its limitations because of a different binding quality between sorbent and sorbate.     

GC/MS-Nontargetanalytik zur Aufklärung einer organischen Grundwasserkontamination. Teil I: Probennahme – Analytik – Identifikation der organischen Verbindungen

GC/MS Nontarget Analysis to Examine an Organic Groundwater Contamination. Part I: Sampling – Analysis – Identification GC/MS nontarget analysis is a combination of an extraction sequence and a GC/MS analysis without standards. The extraction sequence should enrich a wide range of organic substances with different chemical and physical properties. The GC/MS analysis without standards evaluates the total chromatogram whereas the possibilities of compound identification are limited. This kind of view is suited very well if the task of examinations are unknown organic contaminations and the conventional target analysis has to be expanded to a large number of compounds with the uncertainty of detecting the main contaminants. The extraction sequence is similar to the EPA 625 analysis of base/neutral and acid extractable organic compounds. Basis are liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction at different pH values. This extraction procedure covers approximately 30 % of total organic carbon of these groundwater samples from a contaminated area near a low temperature carbonization plant. Relevant groups of organic compounds analyzed in the contaminated groundwater or in the reference sample are substituted aromatics, phenols, benzoamines (anilines), and derivates of benzothiophene. Differences in the trace substance mixtures between the contaminated samples and the reference sample are demonstrated by applying modern graphical methods.     

Development of a SPME-GC Method for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Wastewater

A manual SPME method is presented for the analysis of organic compounds in industrial wastewater. 24 compounds commonly found in the wastewater of a chemical plant in northern Germany have been selected as reference compounds. Precision, linearity, and detection limits have been determined. Moreover, the effect of methanol content, pH value, salt content, and an excess of compounds on the extraction process have been studied. Several compounds have been investigated for their applicability as internal standards to quantify the compounds of interest. Since the method will later be transferred to a fully automated SPME-GC system, which will be operated directly on-site at an industrial wastewater purification plant, special attention has been paid to the analysis of real wastewater samples. In this context, the fibre stability has been studied by performing 53 extraction/desorption cycles from one wastewater sample. Neither a decrease in fibre performance nor in precision has been observed indicating that the proposed method is suitable for the analysis of real wastewater.     

Chloride and Organic Chlorine in Soil

Chloride is ubiquitous in soil, but the past years of research have revealed that organic matter also contains chlorine, in amounts similar to that of phosphorus. Hence, one of the major constituents of soil organic matter has previously been overlooked, and still very little is known about the turnover of organic chlorine in soil. In spite of the obvious connection between chloride and organic chlorine, organic chlorine rarely is considered when the biogeochemical cycling of chloride is in focus, and chloride rarely is taken into account when the occurrence and formation of natural organic chlorine compounds are in focus. The aim of the paper is to review ten years of research concerning the biogeochemical cycling of organic chlorine in soil, and to tie the biogeochemical cycling of organic chlorine to that of chloride.     

GPS RTK联合全站仪在唐山煤矿塌陷区测图中的应用与研究

GPS测量技术能够实时地提供测站点厘米级的3维坐标,速度快、精度高,但应用范围受天气、地域条件、卫星运行等环境因素限制[1]。全站仪是自动化程度很高的野外测量仪器,精度高、应用广,但受通视条件、测量距离等因素制约。本文根据在唐山煤矿塌陷区测量中的测量区域成带状分布、面积广、密集的防护林让卫星信号变弱的实际情况讨论了两者的有机结合,探索出GPS RTK与全站仪相配合进行塌陷区测量的作业方法,使用这两种仪器在实际测量中,提高了测图的工作效率、减少了外界的干扰、降低了作业人员的劳动强度,点位精度得到有效的保证,并对遇到的碎部点精度问题提出了RTK与全站仪相互检测的方法。在此基础上,研究将卫星接收机与全站仪集成,研制物理结构和数据处理一体化的低成本智能化仪器,解决在特种环境下定位效率低、精度低、可靠性差、干扰因子多的瓶颈技术问题,实现特种环境中高精度、低成本、实时定位与精准监测的功能。     

全站仪悬高测量存在的问题及改进方法

通过对全站仪悬高测量基本原理的介绍,结合在实际工程中应用时存在的问题,提出了安置两次仪器对同一目标进行观测,并对所测结果进行改正,提高测量成果的精确性。     

大跨斜拉桥悬臂端钢箱梁上监测点高程测量新方法

在斜拉桥的主梁施工中,需要高精度测量悬臂端钢箱梁的高程。随着悬臂的增长,桥面的晃动越来越大,水准仪读数的难度也越来越大,甚至读不出数据;同时由于梁面上施工设备的影响,测量的难度很大,时间也很长。本文提出采用Leica TCA2003全站仪测量高差和水准仪测量工作基点高程相结合的方法,测量钢箱梁上监测点的高程,通过理论分析和对比实验证明了该方法的可行性。