Contribution of the Bacterial and Microphytobenthic Microflora in the Energetic Demand of the Meiobenthos in an Intertidal Muddy Sediment (Kerguelen Archipelago)

Abstract. An intertidal mud sediment in the Kerguelen Archipelago was sampled weekly from January 1982 to March 1983. Measurements were taken for organic matter (carbon and nitrogen) and biological (bacteria, microphytobenthos, and mciofauna) parameters. The sediment is rich in organic matter, with a mean organic carbon content of 130gC- m-². Benthic living components yield low mean biomasscs in relation to the total organic pool. Besides some marine inputs, the main allochthonous source was identified as terrestrial inputs. Benthic activities seemed strongly governed by food availability and not by temperature. Obvious seasonal changes in bacterial abundances (direct counts), primary production, and mciofauna distributions were observed. Photosynthctic production reached high values (up to 2275 mg C-m^-2-d^-1), reflecting the presence of a dense microphytobenthos. Preliminary energy budgets for two seasons (spring and winter) have been constructed. In both periods, the measured primary production can support the high mciofauna production.     

Fluxes of iron and manganese across the sediment–water interface under various redox conditions

Fluxes of dissolved forms of iron and manganese across the sediment–water interface were studied in situ in the Gulf of Finland and the Vistula Lagoon (Baltic Sea), and in the Golubaya Bay (Black Sea) from 2001 to 2005. Fluxes were measured using chamber incubations, and sediment cores were collected and sliced to assess the porewater and solid phase metal distribution at different depths. Measured and calculated benthic fluxes of manganese and iron were directed out of sediment for all sites and were found to vary between 70–4450 and 5–1000 µmole m^− 2 day^− 1 for manganese and iron, respectively. The behavior of the studied metals at various redox conditions in the near-bottom water and in the sediment was the main focus in this study. Our results show the importance of bottom water redox conditions for iron fluxes. We measured no fluxes at oxic conditions, intermediate fluxes at anoxic conditions (up to 200 μmole m^− 2 day^− 1) and high fluxes at suboxic conditions (up to 1000 μmole m^− 2 day^− 1). Total dissolved iron fluxes were generally dominated by iron(II). Contribution of iron(III) to the total iron flux did not exceed 20%. Obtained fluxes of manganese at all studied regions showed a linear correlation (r² = 0.97) to its concentration in the porewater of the top sediment layer (0–5 mm) and did not depend on dissolved oxygen concentrations of bottom water. Organically complexed iron and manganese were in most cases not involved in the benthic exchange processes.     

Effect of biodeposits from mussel culture on macroinvertebrate assemblages at sites of different hydrodynamic regime

The present study examined for differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage composition inside and outside of mussel farm sites experiencing different hydrodynamic regimes. Multivariate analysis revealed that there were significant differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage composition (averaged across seasons) between samples taken inside and outside of the two relatively low energy sites, whilst no such difference was observed for the relatively high energy site. Taxa that best discriminated between the dissimilarities observed in macroinvertebrate assemblage composition inside and outside farms were principally polychaetes (more abundant inside) and ophiuroids (more abundant outside). Sediment total organic matter and number of mussel shells were the parameters that best explained the difference in macroinvertebrate assemblage observed at the two relatively sheltered farm study sites. No taxa or environmental variables were particularly good at discriminating or explaining differences observed inside and outside the relatively high energy farm site. The present study indicates there is a relationship between the hydrodynamic regime of a farm site, organic enrichment of seabed sediments by mussel biodeposits, and a subsequent modification of the macroinverebrate assemblages. This finding has implications for the site selection of mussel farms in coastal environments.     

虾塘养殖中有机质自身污染速率及程度的研究

利用养殖期间水体中颗粒有机质垂直迁移通量，测定了虾塘自污速率；并以虾塘沉积物的Ｅｈ和Ｃｏｍ值为指标，结合其空间分布形式，初步探讨了虾塘中有机质污染程度。结果表明，新、旧虾塘尤其是不同养殖区域间的自污速率都存在明显差别；而沉积物中Ｅｈ和Ｃｏｍ值的垂直分布形式，则可能成为虾塘有机质污染程度的重要评估参数。     

Incorporation of aged dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by oceanic particulate organic carbon (POC): An experimental approach using natural carbon isotopes

Incorporation of ¹⁴C-depleted (old) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on/into particulate organic carbon (POC) has been suggested as a possible mechanism to explain the low Δ¹⁴C-POC values observed in the deep ocean [Druffel, E.R.M., Williams, P.M., 1990. Identification of a deep marine source of particulate organic carbon using bomb ¹⁴C. Nature, 347, 172–174.]. A shipboard incubation experiment was performed in the Sargasso Sea to test this hypothesis. Finely ground dried plankton was incubated in seawater samples from the deep Sargasso Sea, both with and without a biological poison (HgCl₂). Changes in parameters such as biochemical composition and carbon isotopic signatures of bulk POC and its organic compound classes were examined to study the roles of sorptive processes and biotic activity on POC character. Following a 13-day incubation, the relative abundance of the acid-insoluble organic fraction increased. Abundances of extractable lipids and total hydrolyzable amino acids decreased for both treatments, but by a greater extent in the non-poisoned treatment. The Δ¹⁴C values of POC recovered from the non-poisoned treatment were significantly lower than the value of the unaltered plankton material used for the incubation, indicating incorporation of ¹⁴C-depleted carbon, most likely DOC. The old carbon was present only in the lipid and acid-insoluble fractions. These results are consistent with previous findings of old carbon dominating the same organic fractions of sinking POC from the deep Northeast Pacific [Hwang, J., Druffel, E.R.M., 2003. Lipid-like material as the source of the uncharacterized organic carbon in the ocean? Science, 299, 881–884.]. However, the Δ¹⁴C values of POC recovered from the poisoned treatment did not change as much as those from the non-poisoned treatment suggesting that biological processes were involved in the incorporation of DOC on/into POC.     

胶州湾海水中溶解氨基酸的研究

于１９８６年１月－１１月用高效液相色谱法分析胶州湾１０个站位表层和底层海水中溶解游离氨基酸（ＤＦＡＡ）的组成、含量的分布及其季节变化。结果表明，７个站位的表层海水中月平均总溶解游离氨基酸（ＴＤＦＡＡ）含量范围为１．２４－２．２８ｕｍｏｌ／Ｌ。多数站位在２月份处于最低值（０．４ｕｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１１月份达最高值（５．０ｕｍｏｌ／Ｌ）。所测氨基酸中，Ｇｌｕ，Ｇｌｙ、Ａｒｇ、Ｌｅｕ，Ｏｒｎ，Ｓｅｒ等占优势     

利用空间均匀网格对中国夏季降水异常区域特性的初步分析

用方差极大正交转动ＥＯＦ（Ｖａｒｉｍａｘ　ＥＯＦ）及点相关图法分析了夏季总降水（６、７、８月降水之和）及逐月降水的区域特性。使用的资料为全国范围４７个５°×５°经纬度网格上的降水资料，分析时段为１９５９—１９９４年。分析结果表明，由于采用了空间均匀的格同资料，本分析除进一步证实了中国东部地区降水异常的区域特性外，也揭示了西部地区降水异常的区域特性及沿长江流域东西方向上降水异常的相互关系。夏季总降水异常最显著的区域特性是江淮流域与河套及华南反相关。另外沿长江流域，四川盆地的降水异常与青藏高原东部及江淮流域的降水异常也存在着反相关联系。西部地区的区域特性为青藏高原中东部南北两侧为负相关，并且青藏高原中东部南侧的降水异常与华北东部及东北南部为正相关。上述的空间模都有准２—３ａ及１０ａ左右的周期。逐月降水的分析表明，６月份，江淮流域、华北东部及东北大部分地区为正相关。７月，河套地区与江淮流域的降水异常呈现一定的负相关联系，８月份降水异常的区域特性与夏季总降水异常的区域特性极其一致。     

青海湖布哈河口区表层沉积物有机质分析及其比较沉积学意义

青海湖布哈河口区与晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地及四川盆地具有相似的古地理特征和水体环境,对布哈河口区表层沉积物中有机质的类型和丰度进行研究具有重要的比较沉积学意义.通过对布哈河口区河流、三角洲平原、前三角洲、滨湖、浅湖及半深湖环境表层沉积物样品全岩组分、总有机碳(TOC)及有机质类型进行分析,确定布哈河口区表层沉积物中有机质主要为Ⅱ2型和少量Ⅱ1型,TOC含量不超过4.29%,其中半深湖TOC含量最高并且有机质类型较好.布哈河口区表层沉积物中TOC含量主要受黏土矿物含量、有机质生产力和水深控制,半深湖沉积物具有较高的黏土矿物含量、较高的有机质生产力、较好的有机质类型和较大的覆水深度,有利于有机质的生产和保存,为河口区最有利于烃源岩发育的环境.同时,根据前三角洲、浅湖及半深湖沉积物中TOC含量与水深存在良好的相关性,建立了利用岩石中TOC含量对古水深进行恢复的公式.     

大跨斜拉桥悬臂端钢箱梁上监测点高程测量新方法

在斜拉桥的主梁施工中,需要高精度测量悬臂端钢箱梁的高程。随着悬臂的增长,桥面的晃动越来越大,水准仪读数的难度也越来越大,甚至读不出数据;同时由于梁面上施工设备的影响,测量的难度很大,时间也很长。本文提出采用Leica TCA2003全站仪测量高差和水准仪测量工作基点高程相结合的方法,测量钢箱梁上监测点的高程,通过理论分析和对比实验证明了该方法的可行性。     

Negative ion chemistry in Titan's upper atmosphere

The Electron Spectrometer (ELS), one of the sensors making up the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) revealed the existence of numerous negative ions in Titan's upper atmosphere. The observations at closest approach (∼1000 km) show evidence for negatively charged ions up to ∼10,000 amu/q, as well as two distinct peaks at 22±4 and 44±8 amu/q, and maybe a third one at 82±14 amu/q. We present the first ionospheric model of Titan including negative ion chemistry. We find that dissociative electron attachment to neutral molecules (mostly HCN) initiates the formation of negative ions. The negative charge is then transferred to more acidic molecules such as HC₃N, HC₅N or C₄H₂. Loss occurs through associative detachment with radicals (H and CH₃). We attribute the three low mass peaks observed by ELS to CN⁻, C₃N⁻/C₄H⁻ and C₅N⁻. These species are the first intermediates in the formation of the even larger negative ions observed by ELS, which are most likely the precursors to the aerosols observed at lower altitudes.