西藏拉萨地块南缘晚白垩世镁铁质岩浆作用的年代学、地球化学及意义

镁铁质岩石所反映出的壳幔作用信息可以为地壳增生发生的时间和方式提供可靠的证据。本文报道了南部拉萨地块东段朗县至米林之间晚白垩世镁铁质岩石的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素数据。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,角闪辉长岩侵位于98~88Ma,高Al₂O₃(17.25%~19.46%),低MgO含量(3.89%~5.07%)及Mg^#(44~50),与高铝玄武岩特征相似,属于中钾钙碱性岩石,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)、亏损高场强元素(HFSE),铕异常不明显(δEu=0.82~1.06),(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值为0.70427,ε_Nd(t)值为3.0,具有高且正的锆石ε_Hf(t)值(+11.8~+17.2)。这些晚白垩世镁铁质岩石可能是来自俯冲板片的沉积物熔体交代地幔楔物质发生部分熔融并经历一定程度镁铁质矿物分离结晶作用产物。     

冈底斯西段麻木早白垩世岩浆岩岩石成因及地质意义

青藏高原冈底斯带发育有大量的岩浆岩,本文对中拉萨地块西段南缘革吉县西南麻木地区的花岗斑岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩进行了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石微量元素和锆石Hf同位素研究,综合讨论了其岩浆成因及源区深部过程。麻木研究区内的花岗斑岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩属于早白垩世同期岩浆作用的产物,均属于钾玄质岩石,富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素和Eu,具有较高负值的εHf(t)值,分别为-9.57～-3.43和-8.79～-4.80,以及较古老的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄t_DM2,分别为1 774～1 388 Ma和1 727～1 477 Ma。研究区早白垩世岩浆岩源于古老下地壳物质的重熔,并有少量地幔物质的加入,经历了岩浆混合后角闪石、长石和黑云母等矿物的分离结晶,最终形成了花岗斑岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩。结合前人和本文的研究认为研究区早白垩世岩浆作用的主要诱发机制可能为南向俯冲的班公湖-怒江洋板片回转。     

Post-subdution evolution of the Northern Lhasa Terrane,Tibet: Constraints from geochemical anomalies,chronology and petrogeochemistry

Bangong-Nujiang collisional zone(BNCZ)is an older one in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and resulted in the famous Bangong-Nujiang metallogenic belt,which plays an important role in evaluating the formation and uplift mechanism of plateau.The northern and central Lhasa Terrane composed the southern part of the BNCZ.Since ore deposits can be used as markers of geodynamic evolution,the authors carried 1∶50000 stream sedimental geochemical exploration in the Xiongmei area in the Northern Lhasa Terrane to manifest the mineralization,and based on this mineralization with geochemical and chronological characteristics of related magmatic rocks to constrain their geodynamics and connection with the evolution of the Lhasa Terrane.The authors find Early Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo mineralization,Late Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo,and W mineralization in the studying area.The results suggest a southward subduction,slab rolling back and break-off,and thickened lithosphere delamination successively occurred within the Northern Lhasa Terrane.     

试论中国大陆“硬岩型”大型锂矿带的构造背景

地球中矿床,记录了地球的物质组成、流体性质与成分、热演化历史、成岩成矿物理化学条件及构造环境乃至地球深部驱动力的各种信息。富含稀土金属元素的锂(铍铌钽铯铷)资源已从普通的矿产资源变成未来的新能源,具有重大的经济和战略意义。中国"硬岩型"伟晶岩脉型锂矿的重大找矿突破使其成为未来国家新能源战略的"重心"!此脉型锂矿尽管在伟晶岩的成分分带、新矿物的发现、地球化学的演化与稀有金属的富集机制、熔体—流体的来源与结晶分异、成岩成矿的物理化学条件等研究方面已经取得了重要进展,但是对于伟晶岩及其相关成矿作用发生的大地构造背景与地球动力学还处于探索阶段。本文从中国大陆大型"硬岩型"锂矿带的成矿构造背景的视角出发,探讨锂矿资源在碰撞型和增生型造山带中的构造成因及其找矿前景。研究表明:中国大陆马尔康-雅江-喀喇昆仑巨型锂矿带分布在青藏高原北缘的横贯2800km的松潘-甘孜-甜水海地体中,为古特提斯大洋闭合、地体汇聚碰撞形成的巨型印支碰撞造山带;以马尔康、甲基卡和大红柳滩伟晶岩型的锂矿床为代表的锂矿带的形成,与具有时空上相关联的印支造山期花岗岩浆作用、局部熔融的花岗伟晶脉侵位以及三叠纪复理石地层的高温巴罗式变质作用的"片麻岩穹窿"构造有关。中亚造山系的阿尔泰增生造山带为古亚洲洋形成过程中大陆边缘增生的结果,具有在古生代造山过程中"岩浆-深熔-变质-成矿"四位一体的"片麻岩穹窿"构造背景,以及与古生代花岗岩成因无关的三叠纪含稀土伟晶岩脉的发育。作者认为松潘-甘孜-甜水海造山带是中国大陆具有战略意义、最有远景的巨型硬岩型锂矿带,查明三叠纪"片麻岩穹隆"形成机制和构造演化历史,四位一体的"岩浆-熔融-变质-变形"在造山过程中的时空关系和自组织行为,以及对成矿的制约;查明含矿伟晶岩脉与花岗岩岩浆结晶分异演化的关系以及锂元素迁移、富集熔浆的就位过程;追寻锂、铍、铌、钽等稀土元素的物源,实施重点锂矿集区的科学钻探工程,建立片麻岩穹隆的"构造-岩性-成矿"科学剖面,开展大型锂矿带构造背景与大陆动力学的多学科地学基础研究,是找矿突破的科学途径。     

Magnetotelluric characterization through the Ambargasta-Sumampa Range: The connection between the northern and southern trace of the Río de La Plata Craton – Pampean Terrane tectonic boundary

The South American Platform was part of the Western Gondwana, a collage of plates of different ages assembled in late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian times. The Transbrasiliano Lineament, a continental shear belt that transversely intersects this platform from NE to SW, has its southern expression in the tectonic boundary between the Río de La Plata Craton and the Pampean Terrane. Magnetotelluric long-period data in a W–E profile (29°30′ S) that crosses the Ambargasta-Sumampa Range and the Chaco-Pampean Plain were obtained to connect information of this mostly inferred tectonic boundary. A 2-D inversion model shows the Chacoparanense basin, Río Dulce lineament, Ambargasta-Sumampa Range and Salina de Ambargasta in the upper crust. At mid-to-lower crust and 40 km to the east of the Ambargasta-Sumampa Range, a discontinuity (500–2000 Ω m) of 20-km-wide separates two highly resistive blocks, the Río de La Plata Craton (6000–20,000 Ω m) in the east, and the Pampean Terrane (5000–20,000 Ω m) in the west. This discontinuity represents the tectonic boundary between both cratons and could be explained by the presence of graphite. The geometry of the Pampean Terrane suggests an east-dipping paleo-subduction. Our results are consistent with gravimetric and seismicity data of the study area. A more conductive feature beneath the range and the tectonic boundary was associated with the NE–SW dextral transpressive system evidenced by the mylonitic belts exposed in the Eastern Pampean Ranges. This belt represents a conjugate of the mega-shear Transbrasiliano Lineament and could be explained by fluid–rock interaction by shearing during hundreds of years. The eastern border of the Ambargasta-Sumampa Range extends the trace of the Transbrasiliano Lineament. The electrical Moho depth (40 km to the west and 35 km to the east) was identified by a high electrical contrast between the crust and upper mantle. The upper mantle shows a resistive structure beneath the Río de La Plata Craton that could have been originated by stationary delamination by the presence of hydrated lithosphere.     

Australian provenance for Upper Permian to Cretaceous rocks forming accretionary complexes on the New Zealand sector of the Gondwanaland margin

U–Pb (SHRIMP) detrital zircon age patterns are reported for 12 samples of Permian to Cretaceous turbiditic quartzo‐feldspathic sandstone from the Torlesse and Waipapa suspect terranes of New Zealand. Their major Permian to Triassic, and minor Early Palaeozoic and Mesoproterozoic, age components indicate that most sediment was probably derived from the Carboniferous to Triassic New England Orogen in northeastern Australia. Rapid deposition of voluminous Torlesse/Waipapa turbidite fans during the Late Permian to Late Triassic appears to have been directly linked to uplift and exhumation of the magmatically active orogen during the 265–230 Ma Hunter‐Bowen event. This period of cordilleran‐type orogeny allowed transport of large volumes of quartzo‐feldspathic sediment across the convergent Gondwanaland margin. Post‐Triassic depocentres also received (recycled?) sediment from the relict orogen as well as from Jurassic and Cretaceous volcanic provinces now offshore from southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. The detailed provenance‐age fingerprints provided by the detrital zircon data are also consistent with progressive southward derivation of sediment: from northeastern Queensland during the Permian, southeastern Queensland during the Triassic, and northeastern New South Wales — Lord Howe Rise — Norfolk Ridge during the Jurassic to Cretaceous. Although the dextral sense of displacement is consistent with the tectonic regime during this period, detailed characterisation of source terranes at this scale is hindered by the scarcity of published zircon age data for igneous and sedimentary rocks in Queensland and northern New South Wales. Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic age components cannot be adequately matched with likely source terranes in the Australian‐Antarctic Precambrian craton, and it is possible they originated in the Proterozoic cores of the Cathaysia and Yangtze Blocks of southeast China.     

Late Archaean Ti–rich,Al–depleted komatiites and komatiitic volcaniclastic rocks from the Murchison Terrane in Western Australia

Greenstone belts in the northern Murchison Terrane of the Yilgarn Craton contain an extensive suite of 2.9–3.0 Ga, porphyritic komatiites and komatiitic volcaniclastic rocks. These unusual Ti–rich Al–depleted komatiites have been sampled at Gabanintha and are characterised by higher incompatible‐element abundances than most suites of Barberton‐type Al–depleted komatiites. They form a petrogenetically related group with similar Ti– and incompatible‐element‐rich, Al–depleted porphyritic komatiites and komatiitic volcaniclastic rocks from Karasjok in Norway, Dachine in French Guiana and Steep Rock‐Lumby Lake in Canada (here called Karasjok‐type komatiites). Their Al–depletion results from magma generation at depths of >250 km in the presence of residual majorite‐garnet. The porphyritic textures and abundance of amygdales and volcaniclastic rocks typical of this type of komatiite are features of hydrous ultramafic magmas. The incompatible‐element‐rich ultramafic rocks from Dachine contain diamonds that were most likely picked up as parent magmas interacted with mantle lithosphere that had been hydrated and chemically modified. Consequently the interaction of Karasjok‐type komatiite magmas with thick, island arc or continental mantle lithosphere may have resulted in their elevated water and incompatible‐element contents. The occurrence of Karasjok‐type komatiite lavas and volcaniclastic rocks in the northern Murchison Terrane suggests that during the Late Archaean that terrane had a hydrated, metasomatised or subduction‐modified mantle lithosphere.     

西藏波密花岗岩体的年代学、地球化学特征及其意义

波密岩体位于西藏东南部,处于班公湖-怒江蛇绿混杂岩带与印度河-雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂岩带之间,整体呈NW向延伸,面积约29km²。本文对波密花岗岩体进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学及同位素年代学研究。结果显示,波密岩体主要以黑云母石英闪长岩与黑云母花岗闪长岩为主,两个花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为113.1±2.3Ma和113.4±2.1Ma。花岗岩类SiO₂介于64.11%~66.63%,K₂O+Na₂O=6.36%~7.54%,全碱含量较高,属于高钾钙碱系列。稀土元素含量为114.9×10^-6~182.8×10^-6,分配曲线均呈右倾趋势。另外,A/CNK为0.80~0.95,波密岩体有高K,高Si,低P的特点,大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)富集,高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)亏损,属于偏铝质I型花岗岩。2件样品37个测点的锆石ε_Hf(t)值不均一,几乎全为负值(-13.72~-0.08),反映岩浆可能源于古老地壳;地壳模式年龄(t_DM^C)集中于891~2047Ma之间。综合分析波密岩体地球化学及锆石年龄数据,均与中冈底斯及弧背断隆带中早白垩世的岩体特征相似。因此本文推断波密岩体的成因为中冈底斯早白垩世带状岩浆大爆发事件在东部的延续。     

拉萨地体南缘早石炭世花岗岩类的起源及其对松多特提斯洋开启的意义

近年来在拉萨地体识别出的二叠纪松多大洋型榴辉岩被认为是古特提斯洋(本文称之为松多特提斯洋)的洋壳残余。但由于缺乏相关地质记录,对松多特提斯洋的开启时间,目前并未进行讨论。为探讨这一问题,本文报道了拉萨地体南缘朗县地区片麻状花岗岩类的全岩主量元素和微量元素、锆石U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素数据。本文2件样品的锆石U-Pb定年结果为341±2Ma和355±2Ma,表明朗县片麻状花岗岩类侵位于早石炭世。朗县片麻状花岗岩类主要属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄质系列的花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,以具有较高的SiO₂含量(69%~76%)和K₂O/Na₂O比值(1.04~3.04)为特征。白云母的出现、高的铝饱和指数(A/CNK=1.04~1.52)和刚玉分子数(>1%),表明朗县片麻状花岗岩类属S型花岗岩。所有样品均富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损Ba、Eu、Sr和高场强元素。锆饱和温度主要集中在780~800℃之间(最高可达859℃,平均 808℃)。这些早石炭世花岗岩类中发育的闪长质包体、较高的锆饱和温度、低Pb高Ba丰度、小的负锆石ε_Hf(t)值(-7.2~-1.2,平均 -4.4),表明这些花岗岩类为高温S型花岗岩,来源于浅部成熟地壳物质的重熔并伴随着明显的幔源物质注入。朗县片麻状花岗岩类的高温(>780℃)低压(<5kbar)性质指示其很可能形成于伸展背景。结合拉萨地体可能存在的石炭纪早期岩浆弧、泥盆-石炭纪以灰岩和细碎屑岩夹火山岩为特征的沉积地层记录,本文提出朗县片麻状花岗岩类很可能形成于弧后伸展背景。该弧后伸展区进一步发育可能形成弧后盆地并最终发展成以松多榴辉岩为代表的松多特提斯洋,指示松多特提斯洋的持续时间可能不会超过80Myr(即从340Ma到260Ma)。