One-dimensional modelling of convective CO2 exchange in the Tropical Atlantic

Diurnal changes in seawater temperature affect the amount of air–sea gas exchange taking place through changes in solubility and buoyancy-driven nocturnal convection, which enhances the gas transfer velocity. We use a combination of in situ and satellite derived radiometric measurements and a modified version of the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM), which includes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coupled-Ocean Atmospheric Response Experiment (NOAA-COARE) air–sea gas transfer parameterization, to investigate heat and carbon dioxide exchange over the diurnal cycle in the Tropical Atlantic. A new term based on a water-side convective velocity scale (w_*w) is included, to improve parameterization of convectively driven gas transfer. Meteorological data from the PIRATA mooring located at 10°S10°W in the Tropical Atlantic are used, in conjunction with cloud cover estimates from Meteosat-7, to calculate fluxes of longwave, latent and sensible heat along with a heat budget and temperature profiles during February 2002. Twin model experiments, representing idealistic and realistic conditions, reveal that over daily time scales the additional contribution to gas exchange from convective overturning is important. Increases in transfer velocity of up to 20% are observed during times of strong insolation and low wind speeds (<6 m s⁻¹); the greatest enhancement from w_*w to the CO₂ flux occurs when diurnal warming is large. Hence, air–sea fluxes of CO₂ calculated using simple parameterizations underestimate the contribution from convective processes. The results support the need for parameterizations of gas transfer that are based on more than wind speed alone and include information about the heat budget.     

Continental-scale comparisons of terrestrial carbon sinks estimated from satellite data and ecosystem modeling 1982–1998

A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems from 1982 to 1998. The NASA–CASA model was driven by vegetation properties derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and radiative transfer algorithms that were developed for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). For the terrestrial biosphere, predicted net ecosystem production (NEP) flux for atmospheric CO₂ has varied widely between an annual source of −0.9 Pg C per year and a sink of +2.1 Pg C per year. The southern hemisphere tropical zones (SHT, between 0° and 30°S) have a major influence over the predicted global trends in interannual variability of NEP. In contrast, the terrestrial NEP sink for atmospheric CO₂ on the North American (NA) continent has been fairly consistent between +0.2 and +0.3 Pg C per year, except during relatively cool annual periods when continental NEP fluxes are predicted to total to nearly zero. The predicted NEP sink for atmospheric CO₂ over Eurasia (EA) increased notably in the late 1980s and has been fairly consistent between +0.3 and +0.55 Pg C per year since 1988. High correlations can be detected between the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and predicted NEP fluxes on the EA continent and for the SHT latitude zones, whereas NEP fluxes for the North American continent as a whole do not correlate strongly with ENSO events over the same time series since 1982. These observations support the hypothesis that regional climate warming has had notable but relatively small-scale impacts on high latitude ecosystem (tundra and boreal) sinks for atmospheric CO₂.     

Effects of Doubled Carbon Dioxide on Rainfall Responses to Radiative Processes of Water Clouds

The effects of doubled carbon dioxide on rainfall responses to radiative processes of water clouds are investigated in this study.Two groups of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments with regard to pre-summer heavy rainfall around the summer solstice and tropical rainfall around the winter solstice are conducted and their five-day averages over the model domain are analyzed.In the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the decrease associated with the enhanced atmospheric cooling to the increase associated with the enhanced infrared cooling as a result of the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds.Doubled carbon dioxide leads to the reduction in tropical rainfall,caused by the removal of radiative effects of water clouds through the suppressed infrared cooling.In the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the increase associated with the strengthened atmospheric warming to the decrease associated with the weakened release of latent heat caused by the elimination of radiative effects of water clouds.The exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds increases tropical rainfall through the strengthened infrared cooling,which is insensitive to the change in carbon dioxide.     

Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions: implications and meta-analysis

There is a rich empirical literature testing whether per capita carbon dioxide emissions tend to converge over time and across countries. This article provides a meta-analysis of the results from this research, and discusses how carbon emissions convergence may be understood in, for instance, the presence of international knowledge spillovers and policy convergence. The results display evidence of either divergence or persistent gaps at the global level, but convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions between richer industrialized countries. However, the results appear sensitive to the choice of data sample and choice of convergence concept, e.g. stochastic convergence versus β-convergence. Moreover, peer-reviewed studies have a higher likelihood of reporting convergence in carbon dioxide emissions compared to non-refereed work.

POLICY RELEVANCE

The empirical basis for an egalitarian rule of equal emissions per capita in the design of global climate agreements is not solid; this supports the need to move beyond single allocation rules, and increase knowledge about the impacts of combined scenarios. However, even in the context of the 2015 Paris Agreement with its emphasis on voluntary contributions and ‘national circumstances’, different equity-based principles could serve as useful points of reference for how the remaining carbon budget should be allocated.     

二氧化碳爆破储层改造近炮孔处岩石性质变化及温度分布规律研究

传统的地热井井身结构不适用于利用二氧化碳爆破技术进行干热岩储层建造,因此本文基于二氧化碳爆破致裂技术建造干热岩储层的新型井身结构工艺进行了进一步探究。结合该工艺水平井段（炮孔）钻进过程实际工况,对钻井后水平井段（炮孔）附近干热岩储层的物理力学性质变化规律及储层温度分布特征进行了岩石力学实验和数值模拟研究。研究结果表明钻井液降温产生的热应力作用是储层岩石性质发生变化、出现热损伤区的主要原因;冷却过程中炮孔附近储层呈现出“快速降温区-平缓降温区-未降温区”的区域性温度分布特征;储层初始温度和冷却时长对快速降温区温度分布以及热损伤区范围影响较大。本研究可以为二氧化碳爆破致裂干热岩储层建造提供理论指导。     

气候系统对CO2强迫和太阳辐射强迫在不同时间尺度的响应

使用HadCM3L气候模式,针对突然增加的4倍CO₂浓度和增加4%的太阳辐射强迫进行一系列理想化模拟试验,分析并比较了CO₂强迫和太阳辐射强迫对气候系统的影响机制和异同。模拟结果表明,突然增加的4倍CO₂浓度和增加4%的太阳辐射造成的长期全球表面平均温度变化基本相同,但二者造成降水的变化差异很大。气候系统对CO₂和太阳辐射的响应可以分为快响应和慢响应两个部分,而降水的差异主要体现在大约1个月时间尺度内的快响应阶段,在这一时间段,陆地区域CO₂的气孔效应减少了植被的蒸腾作用,导致降水受到抑制;海洋区域CO₂的辐射效应会首先导致大气长波吸收增强,而海洋的比热较大,所以海表温度变化落后于低层大气,低层大气的垂直稳定度增加,海表向上蒸发受到抑制。此外,比较不同时间尺度上CO₂对气候系统的影响,可以发现在1个月的短时间尺度上,对陆地而言,CO₂的气孔效应对气候系统的影响占主导地位,但在数年以上更长的时间尺度上,CO₂的辐射效应是导致地气系统温度升高的主要原因。     

Significant changes in water pCO2 caused by turbulence from waterfalls

Inland waters are sites of intense carbon processing, stocking and transport. We examined the influence of waterfall-turbulence on CO₂ partial pressures (pCO₂) before and after waterfalls in a tropical river. The results indicated a 51.4% decrease of pCO₂ from up (1375 ± 320 ppm) to downriver (655 ± 58 ppm), suggesting an unaccounted degassing promoted by waterfall-turbulence. This process needs to be better understood in order to more accurately determine the role of freshwater environments in the global carbon balance.     

二磷酸氢钛的加压合成及对锂同位素的分离效应

用无定型磷酸钛和磷酸在175℃,约3MPa气压下,合成的晶形细微化合物,即二水合二磷酸氢钛[TI(HPO_4)_2·2H_2O],是一种层状结构的无机离子交换剂。在酸性和中性介质中其溶解度极小,对于钾、锂碱金属离子具有很好的交换吸附效应。以聚丙烯腈的二甲基甲酰胺溶液为粘合剂,压制成型,装制成色谱柱,以LiNO_3溶液为原料,HCl为洗脱剂,合理截取洗脱流分并测得~6Li和~7Li的单级分离因数为1.023,获得了文献中尚未报道过的结果。     

台湾海峡西部海水二氧化碳体系各分量与环境因子的相关性

据１９８４年５月至１９８５年２月调查资料，计算了该水体中二氧化碳体系各分量的含量，研究了它们与ｐＨ，ＨＣＯ＾－３／ＣＯ＾２－３，Ａｌｋ，ＤＩＮ，ＰＯ＾３－４－９，Ｃｈｌ－ａＤＯ，Ｓ，ｔ等环境因子的相关性。结果表明ＰＣＯ３，ＣＯ２（Ｔ），ＨＣＯ＾－３，ＣＯ＾２－３与ｐＨ，ＨＣＯ＾－３／ＣＯ＾２－３呈极显著的线性相关；ＨＣＯ＾－３，ＣＯ＾２－３ΣＣＯ２与Ａｌｋ也呈非常显著的线性相关。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and carbon fluxes across sea-air interface in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay

Partial pressure of CO2 （pCO2） was investigated in the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary, Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent areas during a cruise in August 2004, China. The data show that pCO2 in surface waters of the studied area was higher than that in the atmosphere with only exception of a patch east of Zhoushan Archipelago. The pCO2 varied from 168 to 2 264 μatm, which fell in the low range compared with those of other estuaries in the world. The calculated sea-air CO2 fluxes decreased offshore and varied from -10.0 to 88.1 mmol m^-2 d^-1 in average of 24.4 ± 16.5 mmol m^-2 d^-1. Although the area studied was estimated only 2 × 10^4 km^2, it emitted （5.9 ± 4.0） × 10^3 tons of carbon to the atmosphere every day. The estuaries and their plumes must be further studied for better understanding the role of coastal seas playing in the global oceanic carbon cycle.