安徽巢湖地区中二叠统栖霞组灰岩中燧石成因

安徽省巢湖地区中二叠统栖霞组以发育一套滨海沼泽－浅海碳酸盐台地环境为主的细碎屑岩至碳酸盐岩沉积建造为特征,灰岩中常见结核状及条带状燧石。燧石多为椭球状和串珠状,部分燧石与灰岩间发育宽约0.5 cm的过渡带。镜下观察灰岩为微晶生物碎屑灰岩;过渡带也多由微晶方解石组成,多数钙质生物壳体被石英充填或半充填,扫描电镜下可见方解石微溶、石英充填溶孔的现象;燧石主要为隐晶及微晶石英,生物碎屑类型与灰岩中基本一致,且多被石英交代。岩石学特征表明死亡的生物在腐烂降解过程中形成的有机酸抑制了碳酸钙的沉淀,并使部分生物碎屑及灰泥发生溶蚀,胶质二氧化硅沉淀,形成燧石结核。燧石中w(Al)/w(Al+Fe+Mn)平均值为0.63,远大于热水沉积硅质岩的最大值0.35;Fe/Ti平均值为9.5,小于热水成因的最小值20;Al-Fe-Mn三角图投点位于非热液成因区域;燧石中Al₂O₃含量平均值为0.20%,远高于MgO、Na₂O、K₂O的含量。分析认为,该区燧石结核的二氧化硅可能来源于陆源物质。     

孕镶块式高胎体金刚石钻头的研制

为了提高金刚石钻头的时效和寿命,将钎焊法引入到高胎体金刚石钻头的设计和加工中。首先利用热压法加工耐磨性能好的金刚石孕镶块;然后加工自带两层水口和水槽的新型钻头钢体,且两水口之间预留焊接槽;最后采用钎焊法,将金刚石孕镶块焊接到钻头钢体上。野外试验表明,试制的2只Φ75/54.5 mm高胎体金刚石钻头,与现场使用的孕镶金刚石钻头相比,钻进效率分别提高41.7%和8.3%,使用寿命分别提高50.4%和32.9%。采用二次钎焊法加工的金刚石钻头,兼顾了热压法的优点,解决了工作层高度过高导致钻头胎体折断、掉块的难题,明显提高了金刚石钻头的使用寿命。     

赤道太平洋上层水体颗粒态生物硅分布及与营养盐的关系

依托中国“大洋一号”第20和第21调查航次,分析测定了东、西赤道太平洋4个站位的颗粒态生物硅浓度及其粒级结构。结果显示赤道太平洋采样站各层位颗粒态生物硅(PBSi)总浓度分布范围为5~65 nmol/dm³,东赤道太平洋的调查站位颗粒态生物硅的总浓度平均值达46 nmol/dm³,是西赤道太平洋的近3倍。PBSi的粒径结果显示在东赤道太平洋调查站位0.8~20 μm粒径颗粒是PBSi的主要来源,其平均贡献率高达64%;而在西赤道太平洋2种粒径的生物硅贡献率相当。营养盐分布对PBSi的浓度及粒径分布有显著的影响,并在一定程度上控制了“硅质泵”的组成结构,是控制大洋生物泵运转的重要因素。     

CO_2 Density-Raman Shift Relation Derived from Synthetic Inclusions in Fused Silica Capillaries and Its Application

Abstract: The densities of CO2 inclusions in minerals are commonly used to determine the crystallizing conditions of the host minerals. However, conventional microthermometry is difficult to apply for inclusions of small size (< 5–10 μm) or low density. Raman analysis is an alternative method for determining CO2 density, provided that the CO2 density–Raman shift relation is known. This study aims to establish this CO2 density–Raman shift relation by using CO2 inclusions synthesized in fused silica capillaries. By using this newly-developed synthetic technique, we formed pure CO2 inclusions, and their densities were determined by microthermometry. The Raman analysis showed that the relation between CO2 density (D in g/cm3) and the separations (Δ in cm?1) between the two main bands (i.e. Fermi diad bands) in CO2 Raman spectra can be represented by a cubic equation: D (g/cm3)=0.74203(?0.019Δ3+5.90332Δ2?610.79472Δ+21050.30165)?3.54278 (r2=0.99920). Our calculated D value for a given Δ is between those obtained from two previously-reported equations, which were derived from different experimental methods. An example was given in this study to demonstrate that the densities of natural CO2 inclusions that could not be derived from microthermometry could be determined by using our method.     

烟台四十里湾表层沉积物中生物硅的研究

以烟台四十里湾作为研究区域,分析了16个站位表层沉积物中生物硅的含量,探讨沉积物中生物硅对内湾环境的指示作用.结果表明,污水排放区、垃圾倾倒区沉积物中生物硅含量较高(平均值分别为0.71％和0.78％),对应上层水体的富营养化;航道区生物硅含量很低(平均值0.37％),与航船扰动造成的低生产力状况符合.沉积物中生物硅含量较好地反映了上层水体的浮游植物状况,并与上层营养盐浓度具有很好的对应关系.研究表明,沉积环境能够明显影响沉积物中生物硅的沉积和保存.     

Design of a new bionic diamond bit and its experimental study

Bionics was applied in the design of the impregnated diamond bit. Based on previous research and the 63# bit matrix formula, a new non-smooth bionic impregnated diamond bit with a single circular ring was designed and manufactured, and also tested indoor. The results were satisfactory. During its shape contacted surface system, non-smooth shape display some structure merits such as decreasing resistance. It was obvious that the drilling efficiency of the bionics bit is much higher than that of ordinary’s one, and so does the working life of bionic bit.     

A modified method for biogenic silica determination

We describe a modified method for the determination of biogenic silica (BSi) in lacustrine sediment samples with BSi concentrations >0.5% SiO₂ (detection limit). To speed up the leaching procedure (48 samples per day), we suggest the use of Teflon autoclaves that can be left unattended (no stirring of the solution) for 3 h at 100°C in an oven. We suggest a volume correction by Na measurement to account for volume errors during pipetting off a hot solution. We also propose to carry out a correction for minerogenic silica by the simultaneous determination of Al in the leachate. Analytical precision and accuracy of the proposed method are 2.4% (relative standard deviation) and 70–110% recovery (relative to the mean of four international reference sediment samples), respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that pre-treatment of the samples with H₂O₂ and/or HCl prior to alkaline leaching is not necessary for all samples. Due to the great diversity of lacustrine and marine sediments, however, the pre-treatment procedure should be tailored for samples from different sites.     

Responses of Fragilarioid-dominated diatom assemblages in a small Arctic lake to Holocene climatic changes, Russell Island, Nunavut, Canada

We present a paleolimnological record spanning the Holocene from a small lake on Russell Island (Lake PW02), in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago (74.07° N, 97.77° W, 182 m asl). Fragilarioid diatom types in the genera Pseudostaurosira, Staurosira and Staurosirella constitute >90% of valves in fossil samples. Using modern biogeographic data which specify the temperature optima of the Fragilarioid diatom taxa, we present new inferences about the timing of paleoclimatic changes in the central Arctic islands. The early Holocene was characterized by maximum values for sediment organic matter, and lower ratios of Staurosirella pinnata to Staurosira construens v. venter, suggesting warm summer air temperatures between about 9500−6500 cal year BP. Influxes of biogenic silica and diatom valves decreased following 4000 cal year BP, the sediment accumulation rate slowed and diatom taxa of the littoral zone diversified, suggesting cooler summers and more persistent lake ice. Variations in the species composition of the assemblages indicate paleoclimatic changes that are in broad agreement with other paleoenvironmental records from the Arctic including melt records from the Agassiz Ice Cap. Although autecological data remain incomplete for Fragilarioid taxa, our results indicate differences in these taxa in responses to paleoenvironmental change and underline the potential for the increased use of these taxa in paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The record from Lake PW02, as in other records from Arctic lakes with low algal diversity throughout the Holocene, shows a pronounced increase in diatom diversity since the 1920s, and diatom production since the 1970s far exceeds any recorded during the Holocene.     

极谱法同时测定岩石中的微量铀钍

试样经过氧化钠熔融后,用硝酸溶液提取熔块,加入十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTMAB）凝聚硅胶,过滤除硅,TBP萃淋树脂分离富集铀钍。在含0．02g／L四丁基碘化铵-4g／L铜铁试剂、pH=5的乙酸-乙酸钠极谱测定体系中同时测定铀钍,铀钍的线性范围为0．001～0．500μg／10mL。本法用于含铀岩石中微量铀钍的同时测定,结果令人满意。     

自润滑孕镶金刚石钻头胎体材料初步研究

为了研究具有自润滑性能的孕镶金刚石钻头胎体材料,进行了在胎体配方中添加石墨的研究。对胎体材料的抗弯强度、硬度、耐磨性和材料与白刚玉砂轮组成摩擦副时的摩擦系数进行了测定,并用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨损表面形貌。实验结果表明,添加石墨后,胎体材料的硬度和抗弯强度下降,与60目白刚玉砂轮组成摩擦副时的摩擦系数下降,耐磨性则随着石墨含量的增多先增强,后下降（超过6％后）。形貌分析表明,不含石墨的胎体材料在磨损中发生明显的塑性变形;添加石墨后,胎体材料的塑性降低,出现犁沟和剥落现象。