Silica dust and non-occupational silicosis——A global perspective

Health risk from various particulates of dust has been of public health concern for many years and scientific observations on dust have been going on for the last 200 years. Diseases resulting from exposure to dust are generally known as pneumoconiosis and have been primarily associated with occupational exposure to silica dust. Silica, which induces silicosis, has been recognized as far back as the Hippocratic times. The aim of the research is to try to assess the nature and scale of health risks from environmental exposure to silica on a global scale, with particular emphasis on non-occupational silicosis （pneumoconiosis）. Thorough literature reviews included studies and literature from non-occupational and occupational silicosis studies along with papers from Geology and Medicine. Non-published studies and local knowledge from Ladakh were used in pertinent of the review. The commonest form of silica （SiO2） is quartz. Other particulates in the atmosphere and finer particles 〈10 when inhaled with oxygen endanger human health; silica is the most threatening for non-occupational silicosis because of its high fibrogenicity. Aerosol minerals can often travel from continent to continent creating a health risk not just in the area of dust source, but also to secluded humans. When emitted into the air environmental exposure to （silica） quartz can occur as component of particulates emissions produced by natural-industrial-agricultural activities. Human exposure to environmental （silica） quartz can be summarized into direct and indirect pathways. Health risk from exposure to silica （quartz） has been widely studied in occupational settings; however there is a scarcity of studies on environmental/non-occupational exposure. Review of epidemiological studies on environment/non-occupational silicosis showed that all the studies lack a good control group and represent a small sample size. Many of these studies are case reports with retrospective histopathology, focusing only on the prevalence and lacking robust exposure measurement. Non-occupational/environmental silicosis is a global public health concem and the areas of dust source could be modified with climate changes. Literature is very scarce in relation to health risks from environmental dust （silica/quartz）, nevertheless the review of occupational studies links silica exposure to numerous diseases in humans.     

纤蛇纹石/酸浸二氧化硅负载TiO_2复合材料的结构性能及其降解罗丹明B的实验研究

以天然纳米矿物纤蛇纹石和酸浸二氧化硅为载体,钛酸四丁酯为钛源,在室温条件下采用溶胶-凝胶法,制备了负载TiO_2的复合光催化材料。采用气体吸附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对载体和不同温度煅烧得到的样品进行微观形貌和结构分析,并在紫外光照射下,以10 mg/L罗丹明B为目标污染物评价不同样品的光催化活性。结果表明,750℃煅烧的酸浸二氧化硅负载TiO_2复合材料的光催化性能最好,光照40 min对罗丹明B的去除率达到91.57%,载体良好的吸附能力能够促进污染物的降解。     

ICP—AES法测定硅石样品中多种杂质元素

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对地质样品硅石中多种杂质元素进行测定。方法确定了各元素的检出限,回收率在92%至105%之间,RSD小于1.93%,实验表明,该方法简便快速,具有很低的检出限和良好的精密度、准确度。     

硅灰石与盐酸反应模式及产物性质研究

报道了硅灰石与盐酸反应在ＰＨ≥２条件下的反应模式,并从反应产物颗粒形态、粒径分布、表面电位、比表面积等性质及反应动力学规律来证实这种反应模式。     

霞石正长岩烧结反应的热力学分析与实验

霞石正长岩是一种富含K₂O、Al₂O₃、SiO₂的矿产资源。在综合分析云南个旧白云山霞石正长岩物相组成的基础上,对以Na₂CO₃为助剂中温分解霞石正长岩中的铝硅酸盐矿物,提取碳酸钾和氧化铝的技术路线进行了研究。根据热力学理论计算以Na₂CO₃为助剂,主要烧结产物为NaAlSiO₄、KAlSiO₄、Na₂SiO₃时的反应温度,结果表明理论上反应在800 K(527 ℃)左右开始发生。通过烧结反应实验,得到优化反应温度为800～850 ℃,霞石正长岩的分解率达95%以上。X射线衍射分析结果表明,烧结产物的主要物相为NaAlSiO₄、KAlSiO₄和Na₂SiO₃,与热力学计算结果一致。烧结产物的硫酸酸浸实验表明,硅铝分离效果良好,SiO₂、Al₂O₃、K₂O三者的提取率分别高达91.4%、92.2%、92.5%。与前苏联的石灰石烧结法相比,本工艺具有低能耗、低物耗和生产过程清洁高效等优点。     

Geochemical assessment of a siliceous limestone sample for cement making

A low grade siliceous limestone sample from the Jayantipuram mine of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been investigated for its suitability for cement making. Petrological as well as X-ray diffraction pattern studies indicated that the limestone sample was crystalline and dominantly composed of calcite and quartz. They are simple in mineralogy, and yet they have variable silica and lime contents. Geochemical analysis results of twenty five hand picked samples indicated that the limestone from the Jayantipuram mine shows a wide range of variations in LOI (29.94% to 40.64%), SiO2 (6.14% to 27.18%), CaO (37.93% to 50.78%), Al2O3 (0.49% to 2.27%) and Fe2O3 (0.28% to 2.4%). MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2 and MnO2 are present in traces. CaO with LOI shows a strong positive correlation where as CaO with SiO2 shows a strong negative correlation because of mineralogical factors. The chemical composition of the limestone reflects its mineralogical composition. The distribution of various elements in the acid-soluble fraction has been studied by the factor analysis method in order to interpret in terms of their mineralogy, sedimentary environment and diagenesis. Mineralogy, recrystallization and other diagenetic changes are the main factors affecting the distribution of the elements and their mutual relationships in the limestone. The aim of this paper is also to analyze how significantly the two parameters, silica modulus and lime saturation factor, influence this low grade siliceous limestone sample from the Jayantipuram mine of Andhra Pradesh, India, for the cement making process from the geochemical data.     

锌锡复合掺杂纳米二氧化钛的光催化性能研究

采用溶胶—凝胶法制备了Zn2+、Sn4+复合掺杂的TiO2光催化剂,通过XRD、TEM、UV—Vis测试手段对样品进行分析,以对硝基苯酚为研究对象,对其进行光催化降解。结果表明:复合掺杂Zn2+、Sn4+提高了催化剂对波长在200—450 nm范围内的光的吸光度,发生"红移"。在氙灯激发下,其催化活性优于纯TiO2。     

Eu3+水合离子在纳米二氧化硅表面的吸附与结构

采用发射光谱研究了不同pH和不同Eu初始浓度条件下,Eu在纳米二氧化硅-水界面的吸附特征。研究发现,当pH低时,Eu在纳米二氧化硅表面的吸附很少,随着pH的增加,Eu在纳米二氧化硅表面的吸附急剧增加,当出〉6时,几乎所有Eu都被吸附。研究同时表明,吸附在纳米二氧化硅与水界面的Eu离子种类也取决于pH值：当pH〈5时,吸附的Eu主要为Eu^3＋水合离子,当pH〉5时,吸附的Eu主要为Eu（CO3）^＋,甚至Eu（CO3）2^-离子。吸附的机理除了静电吸引外,更重要的是这些离子与纳米二氧化硅表面形成化学键,即表面化学吸附。     

典型枯水年长江干流硅的分布、输送与滞留

于特枯水情年对三峡水库溶解硅和长江干流自涪陵至河口段悬浮颗粒物、溶解硅、生物硅和叶绿素a浓度等进行调查.研究表明,在平水期和汛期末,长江干流水体溶解硅和生物硅浓度和通量在其上游受大坝"滞留"效应的影响呈现沿程降低的趋势,中、下游受"两湖"和汉江等的补充作用有明显升高.在枯水年,长江干流水体生物硅浓度占活性硅(溶解硅和生物硅之和)浓度的2%~5%,显著低于平水年的比例(13%),同时也低于世界河流的平均水平(16%).三峡水库在4-12月份减少溶解硅向下游的输送通量,而在1-3月份增加溶解硅的输送通量;水库在枯水年滞留了大约3%~6%的溶解硅.三峡水库内低的初级生产水平和高的生物硅再生速率是其难以对溶解硅形成有效滞留的主要因素.大坝下游会因清水下泄产生潜在的滞留效应,不过还需要更多的数据去量化.     

Reconstructing past eutrophication trends from diatoms and biogenic silica in the sediment and the pelagic zone of Lake Constance, Germany

In Lake Constance, phosphorus concentrations and the seasonal development of phytoplankton communities in water samples from the pelagic zone were regularly recorded since the 1950's. Before the 1950's, there were occasional investigations of plankton communities since 1896. We compared these data with the sedimentary record in two sediment cores. Then, the eutrophication history of Lake Constance was inferred from diatoms. The record of biogenic silica in the cores is discussed with respect to diatom biomass increase.Diatom assemblages in the sediment cores precisely reflected the pelagic diatom development for the period 1971--1992. Both sediment cores and the water samples have a high interannual variability of diatom assemblages. Below a sediment depth of 27 cm (AD 1920), more than 50% of the diatoms were partly corroded, and we limited the reconstruction of trophic state changes to the interval of 1920--1993. Oligotrophic conditions of Lake Constance were indicated by the dominance of various Cyclotella taxa from 1920 to 1940. Since 1939/1940, increasing abundance of it Tabellaria fenestrata showed oligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions. Between 1953 and 1956, increasing Stephanodiscus hantzschii and disappearing Cyclotella indicated advanced eutrophication and total phosphorus values ranged between 8--10 mg m-3 during turnover in late winter. Further eutrophication was shown by disappearing T. fenestrata and increasing S. minutulus in 1963. Maximum TP concentrations of 87 mg m-3 occurred in 1979/80 and was accompanied by increasing abundances of Aulacoseira granulata. From 1986 to 1992, reoccurrence of Tabellaria fenestrata and Cyclotella indicate some recovery of Lake Constance.Biogenic silica and diatom abundances were similar among cores but indicate a 3--4 fold increase of diatom biomass only. This was far below the estimate of biomass increase from sedimentary pigment data (25 fold) and the estimate of phytoplankton data from the literature (70 fold).