油气和含油气包裹体及其在油气地质地球化学研究中的意义

本文在综合前人研究的基础上，结合笔者的工作经验，提出了一个实用的油气和含油气包裹体分类方案，详细论述了各类油气和含油气包裹体的相态、组成和均一温度特征。在同一油气藏，均一温度越高，油相包裹体中的气态烃和挥发份的含量也越高。依据油相包裹体的均一温度的变化及其与同生水溶液包裹体的均一温度的关系可以研究油气藏在充填过程中油气组成，特别是气态烃和挥发份含量的演变。进而可以研究油气藏的油源--生油岩的类型和热演化程度。本文评述了依据油相包裹体和同生水溶液包裹体ＰＶＴ相图推断其捕获温度和压力范围的有效性和局限性。最后讨论了各类油气和含油气包裹体的成因机制及其在油气地质和地球化学研究中的意义。     

黄河口凹陷流体包裹体成藏年代和充注期次研究

流体包裹体技术已被证实在含油气盆地的成藏年代和运移期次的研究中是一个有效的手段。关于包裹体在成藏期次方面的研究已有许多,但系统介绍包裹体技术在油气勘探中的应用研究则少见。为推动该方法在油气勘探中的应用,本文从样品制备、分析仪器、流体包裹体镜下特征、均一温度等方面系统介绍了利用流体包裹体确定油气成藏年代与充注期次的方法,以及该方法在黄河口凹陷油气勘查中的应用研究成果:确定了该凹陷普遍发育较低成熟液态烃包裹体、成熟气液态烃包裹体、较高成熟气液态烃包裹体和气烃包裹体3类包裹体,确定了黄河口地区沙河街组油气充注至少有3期:第1期、第2期油气于明化镇组沉积时期开始注入储层(10~5Ma),第3期较高成熟油及伴生气于第四纪开始注入储层(小于3Ma);利用包裹体均一温度还确定了位于黄河口凹陷与渤中凹陷交界的BZ25构造第1期油气来源于渤中凹陷。     

浙江遂昌地区金矿床矿物包裹体研究

对浙江遂昌地区所发现的金（银）矿床之矿物包裹体研究表明，其均一化温度多集中在１４０～２６０℃，成矿压力（０．２～０．６）×１０２ＭＰａ，气液比在５％～２７％。成矿流体为液态，矿液中主要有Ａｕ，Ａｇ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｂｉ，Ｋ，Ｎａ，Ｃａ，Ｓｉ．Ｍｇ，Ｈ２Ｏ，ＣＯ２．Ｃｌ，Ｆ，Ｓ，Ｍｎ，Ｌｉ．Ｔｉ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ等组分。成矿时的含矿流体呈弱酸性─中性（ｐＨ４．５６～５．１４），盐度较高（ＮａＣｌ（２０～３２）ｗＢ％）．根据这些特征，并综合其产出的大地构造环境及成矿地质条件，认为该区所产出的金（银）矿床在成因上属地洼型火山─次火山中（─低）温热液矿床。     

中国地面相对湿度非均一性检验及订正

利用加拿大环境部气候研究中心研发的PMTred和PMFT方法,选取均一的邻近站为参考站,使用相关系数权重平均构建参考序列,结合元数据信息,对1951-2014年中国2400多个国家级地面站月平均相对湿度进行了非均一性检验与订正,并分析了造成相对湿度序列非均一的主要原因。结果表明,中国地面相对湿度资料存在较严重的非均一问题,68%的台站存在断点,人工观测转自动观测、迁站和时次变化是造成序列非均一的主要原因。整套资料负订正量所占比例较高,订正范围主要集中在-5%～0之间,这种负订正量与人工转自动观测后相对湿度观测值偏低有密切关系。这也使得订正后中国平均相对湿度趋势与订正前存在明显差异,订正前中国平均相对湿度呈下降趋势,订正后相对湿度没有趋势性变化。     

Homogenization of the Daily Land Surface Temperature over the Mainland of China from 1960 through 2017

Land surface temperature(LST) is one of the most important factors in the land-atmosphere interaction process. Raw measured LSTs may contain biases due to instrument replacement, changes in recording procedures, and other non-climatic factors. This study attempts to reduce the above biases in raw daily measurements and achieves a homogenized daily LST dataset over China using 2360 stations from 1960 through 2017. The high-quality land surface air temperature(LSAT)dataset is used to correct the LST warming biases especially evident during cold months in regions north of 40°N due to the replacement of observation instruments around 2004. Subsequently, the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization(MASH) method is adopted to detect and then adjust the daily observed LST records. In total, 3.68 × 103 effective breakpoints in 1.65 × 106 monthly records(about 20%) are detected. A large number of these effective breakpoints are located over large parts of the Sichuan Basin and southern China. After the MASH procedure, LSTs at more than 80% of the breakpoints are adjusted within +/– 0.5°C, and of the remaining breakpoints, only 10% are adjusted over 1.5°C.Compared to the raw LST dataset over the whole domain, the homogenization significantly reduces the mean LST magnitude and its interannual variability as well as its linear trend at most stations. Finally, we perform preliminary analysis upon the homogenized LST and find that the annual mean LST averaged across China shows a significant warming trend [0.22°C(10 yr)–1]. The homogenized LST dataset can be further adapted for a variety of applications(e.g.,model evaluation and extreme event characterization).     

延长探区下古生界马家沟组储层流体包裹体特征

流体包裹体研究在划分油气运移充注期次、确定油气藏形成时间等方面均有重要的应用价值.通过镜下观察流体包裹体的特征,划分类型,描述其特征,对与烃类共生的盐水包裹体进行均一化温度测试,并结合其他相关地质资料,认为延长探区马家沟组储层流体包裹体的均一温度集中分布在85~115℃范围内,包裹体捕获时的埋藏深度为2500~2800 m.结合盆地的埋藏史推测天然气成藏时间为晚三叠-早侏罗世.     

湖北省凤凰关地区前寒武纪大别杂岩内地壳冷却速率的估算

本文提出了一个封闭体系的扩散数学模型,用来描述由于化学扩散而导致球状晶体发生的均匀化作用;结合扩散系数和一些岩石物化知识,就可能模拟待定岩石的温度—时间(T-t)史。作者根据斜长石的相图特征并应用该模型,提出了如何确定斜长石扩散初始条件的方法,描述了湖北省凤凰关地区混合岩浅色体中斜长石的均匀化作用;经计算表明:地壳冷却速率(s)为0.75℃/Ma;所提出的数学模型普遍适用于变质岩的冷却问题。     

豫北地区气温、降水变化的时空分布特征

利用中国国家级地面气象站均一化数据集中1971—2010年豫北地区28个测站的温度、降水资料,基于GIS技术对该地区温度和降水变化的时空分布特征进行研究。结果表明:豫北地区气温整体呈升高的趋势,其中冬春季节升温明显。气温变率空间分布表现为北中部增温明显,东部和西部增温幅度较小。降水变化各季节差异较大,春季降水整体呈现增加趋势,其他季节各地降水增减不一;空间变化分布特征为太行山沿线西部山区降水减少趋势明显,东部地区降水略有增加趋势。从整体变化情况来看,豫北地区的气候变化区域间差异加大,局地性变化趋向不稳定。文中用温度与降水的趋势比来分析豫北地区的干旱化发生趋势,结果发现太行山沿线干旱化趋势明显,沿黄河区域干旱化趋势较低,太行山脉和黄河是导致豫北地区气候变化区域性分布的主要地形因子。     

Analysis of the compression behavior of artificial lumpy composite materials

The landfills are dumped without any compaction and have a relatively open structure, which is similar to that of the granular materials. However, the original dumped material might be gradually transformed into a lumpy composite structure because of the influence of the climate. As a result, the lumps are randomly distributed in the reconstituted soil. In the presented study, the compression behavior of the lumpy composite soils was analyzed within the homogenization framework. Firstly, the volume of the composite soil was divided into four individual components. The inter‐lump porosity was introduced to account for the evolution of the volume fractions of the constituents, and it was formulated as a function of the overall porosity and those of its constituents. A homogenization law was then proposed based on the analysis of the lumpy structure together with a numerical method, which gives a relationship for tangent stiffnesses of the lumpy soil and its constituents. Finally, a simple compression model was proposed for the composite lumpy material, which incorporates both the influence of the soil structure and the volume fraction change of the reconstituted soil. The predictions of the model were validated against the test results, and the stress distribution within the lumpy composite was assessed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chloride transfer in cement‐based materials. Part 1. Theoretical basis and modelling

In this first part of the work, we develop macroscopic models for migration and diffusion–migration of ionic species in saturated porous media, based on periodic homogenization. The prior application is chloride transport in cementitious materials. The dimensional analysis of Nernst–Planck equation lets appear to dimensionless numbers characterizing the ionic transfer in the porous medium. Using experimental data obtained from electrodiffusion tests on cement‐based materials (Part II), these dimensionless numbers are linked to the perturbation parameter ?. For a strong imposed electrical field, the asymptotic expansion of Nernst–Planck equation leads to a macroscopic model where the migration is predominant. For a weak imposed electrical field or in natural diffusion, we obtain a macroscopic model coupling diffusion and migration at the same order. In both models, the expression of the homogenized diffusion tensor is identical and only involves the geometric properties of the material microstructure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.