古尔班通古特沙漠南缘丘间地梭梭群落蒸散特征

根据2016年古尔班通古特沙漠南缘丘间地梭梭生育期定点观测的土壤水分、气象要素等资料,基于水量平衡原理估算了梭梭生育期蒸散量,分析了蒸散变化规律。结果表明：（1）在梭梭生长季,降雨量为206.7 mm,降雨分布不均,梭梭萌发期,降雨量最多;梭梭生长旺盛期,月降雨量逐月减少;梭梭枯落期,降雨量最少。（2）在梭梭生长季,梭梭群落0~400 cm土壤贮水量变化整体呈下降趋势,梭梭萌发期是土壤贮水量盈余期,生长旺盛期和枯落期为土壤贮水量亏损期;梭梭群落发挥土壤水库效应,依靠生长季前土壤蓄水来弥补梭梭群落生长季需水缺额。（3）在梭梭生长季,蒸散量变化特征为多峰曲线,峰值主要出现在降雨集中期,最低值出现在土壤贮水量亏损期。（4）在梭梭生长季,梭梭群落累积蒸散量增幅始终高于累积降雨量增幅,累积蒸散量大于累积降雨量。     

新疆罗布泊地区凝结水试验

采用称重法,在高含盐量的罗布泊北部凹地首次进行了凝结水的野外监测,根据监测数据分析了罗布泊地区凝结水的生成规律.研究结果表明罗布泊存在凝结水;2005年7月、10月、12月3次监测时期里日均凝结水量分别为0.293,0.127,0.275 mm;凝结水来源于空气中的水气和深部土壤水分;发生的时间基本在晚上22∶00至次日凌晨8∶00;影响凝结水产生的主要因素为近地面大气温度与地表土壤温度差、空气相对湿度、冻结期等,土壤的高含盐量也有利于凝结水的生成.     

Relationship between cloud characteristics and radar reflectivity based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observations

Cloud properties were investigated based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observation conducted at Yitong, Jilin, Northeast China. The aircraft provided in situ measurements of cloud droplet size distribution, while the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar vertically scanned the same cloud that the aircraft penetrated. The reflectivity factor calculated from aircraft measurements was compared in detail with simultaneous radar observations. The results showed that the two reflectivities were comparable in warm clouds, but in ice cloud there were more differences, which were probably associated with the occurrence of liquid water. The acceptable agreement between reflectivities obtained in water cloud confirmed that it is feasible to derive cloud properties by using aircraft data, and hence for cloud radar to remotely sense cloud properties. Based on the dataset collected in warm clouds, the threshold of reflectivity to diagnose drizzle and cloud particles was studied by analyses of the probability distribution function of reflectivity from cloud particles and drizzle drops. The relationship between reflectivity factor (Z) and cloud liquid water content (LWC) was also derived from data on both cloud particles and drizzle. In comparison with cloud droplets, the relationship for drizzle was blurred by many scatter points and thus was less evident. However, these scatters could be partly removed by filtering out the drop size distribution with a large ratio of reflectivity and large extinction coefficient but small effective radius. Empirical relationships of Z-LWC for both cloud particles and drizzle could then be derived.     

MODIS干旱指数对华北干旱的敏感性分析

针对近年来干旱发生频繁的华北地区,通过利用2000 - 2009年MODIS数据和气象观测站降水资料,建立草地和农田距平植被指数(AVI)与不同时间尺度标准化降水指数(SPI)之间的相关统计模型,比较AVI和距平水分指数(AWI)对干旱响应的敏感性.结果表明:(1)植被生长季AVI与不同时间尺度SPI的相关关系不同.草地AVI与1个月尺度的SPI(即1- SPI)相关系数较低,而与3 - SPI相关最显著;而农田区AVI与SPI的相关性较低,总体上农田AVI与3- SPI的相关性较高;(2) AWI与AVI类似,也对SPI存在时滞响应,均与3- SPI有着极显著的相关关系,并且在干旱发生较严重的6～8月份AWI与3- SPI的相关性好于AVI与3- SPI的相关性;(3)运用AWI反演的华北地区2009年夏季干旱分布图较好地反映了旱情的时空分布,与相关气象资料结果相符合.     

处置库污泥工程特性测试研究

对某填埋场污泥库中取样的污泥进行了岩土工程特性测试,包括有机质含量、含水率、界限含水率、颗粒级配、渗透系数、压缩固结特性及抗剪强度等。试验结果表明,与常规淤泥相比,污泥库中经一段时间降解后污泥有机质含量及含水率较高,平均值分别为45%和520%;污泥在历时2 a的生物降解作用下,污泥含水率、有机质含量沿深度呈较为明显的减少趋势;污泥具有极高的压缩性,压缩系数a100-200高达7 MPa-1;污泥的固结表现为非线性大变形特性,其固结系数在10-5～10-6 cm2/s,比淤泥低1～2个数量级,固结系数随压力的增加而显著减少;污泥的抗剪强度参数较小,其黏聚力为0,内摩擦角为14.7°。有机质含量高是污泥高含水率、高液塑性指数、高压缩性,低渗透性、低固结系数及低抗剪强度的本质原因。以上成果可为污泥库的固化处置、稳定分析等提供必要的参数。     

长春地区粉质黏土导热系数与其物性参数相关性研究

为研究导热系数与影响因素之间的相关关系,建立导热系数的推算公式,以长春地区粉质黏土为研究对象,对原状土样的导热系数与其物理参数之间的相关性进行回归分析。制作9个重塑土样,测其相关的参数值,以验证回归方程的适用性。结果表明,回归分析建立导热系数与2个物理参数之间的关系式不成立;考虑天然密度、含水率和孔隙度为自变量,其分别对应的相关性系数T检验显著值(Sig)都0. 05,复决定系数为0. 886,建立的回归方程成立,自变量能准确解释因变量的变化,且含水率与导热系数呈负相关,天然密度和孔隙度呈正相关。重塑土样相关参数代入回归方程得到的导热系数值与实验实测值之间相对误差低于4%,验证了该回归方程的普遍性和适用性。     

中国环境化学研究进展

通过对近年来中国环境化学学科中的环境分析化学、土壤环境化学、水环境化学、大气环境化学和污染生态化学5个大方面研究现状的详细介绍和评述,分析了中国环境化学基础性研究的进展,归纳总结了中国环境化学中已取得的成果及相关的应用,同时通过对目前一些国际上较热门研究内容及研究方向的讨论,指出了中国环境化学学科发展中存在的问题和不足,并对部分相关前沿领域的研究提出了建议。     

基于主成分分析的甘肃省水资源承载力评价

以甘肃省水资源承载力为研究对象,运用主成分分析法对甘肃省水资源承载力从时间和空间两个角度进行了综合评价。研究表明：影响水资源承载力的因子主要包括经济发展因子、人口因子、水资源供需平衡因子、农业生产用水因子;2006-2015年,甘肃省水资源承载力整体呈现下降趋势;甘肃省水资源承载力存在显著的地区差异,甘南等地区水资源承载力较大,白银等地区居中,张掖等地区较小,兰州等地区最小,这主要是受水资源供需不平衡、农业生产用水差异较大和经济发展及人口因素的影响。     

冠县地下水资源概况及开发利用建议

介绍了山东省冠县的水文地质条件和地下水资源开发利用现状,分析了由于过量开采浅层地下水而引发的水位下降及水质恶化等问题,提出了合理开发利用地下水的建议。     

Influence of condensation and latent heat release upon barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of vortices in a rotating shallow water f-plane model

Analysis of the influence of condensation and related latent heat release upon developing barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of large-scale low Rossby-number shielded vortices on the f-plane is performed within the moist-convective rotating shallow water model, in its barotropic (one-layer) and baroclinic (two-layer) versions. Numerical simulations with a high-resolution well-balanced finite-volume code, using a relaxation parameterisation for condensation, are made. Evolution of the instability in four different environments, with humidity (i) behaving as passive scalar, (ii) subject to condensation beyond a saturation threshold, (iii) subject to condensation and evaporation, with three different parameterisations of the latter, are inter-compared. The simulations are initialised with unstable modes determined from the detailed linear stability analysis in the “dry” version of the model. In a configuration corresponding to low-level mid-latitude atmospheric vortices, it is shown that the known scenario of evolution of barotropically unstable vortices, consisting in formation of a pair of dipoles (dipolar breakdown) is substantially modified by condensation and related moist convection, especially in the presence of surface evaporation. No enhancement of the instability due to precipitation was detected in this case. Cyclone-anticyclone asymmetry with respect to sensitivity to the moist effects is evidenced. It is shown that inertia-gravity wave emission during the vortex evolution is enhanced by the moist effects. In the baroclinic configuration corresponding to idealised cut-off lows in the atmosphere, it is shown that the azimuthal structure of the leading unstable mode is sensitive to the details of stratification. Scenarios of evolution are completely different for different azimuthal structures, one leading to dipolar breaking, and another to tripole formation. The effects of moisture considerably enhance the perturbations in the lower layer, especially in the tripole formation scenario.