Modelling tidally induced sediment-transport paths over the northwest European shelf: the influence of sea-level reduction

A three-dimensional model covering the northwest European Shelf and part of the adjacent Atlantic Ocean is used to examine the influence of water depth change upon the distribution of maximum tidal bed stress. The direction of bed stress is an indicator of sediment movement as bed load and various regions of convergence and divergence in good agreement with observations are identified. Calculations are performed with water depths reduced by 35 m, corresponding to 10 000 years before present (B.P.). Initially, the model is forced by only the M₂ tide, although subsequently five constituents, namely M₂, S₂, N₂, K₁ and O_1, are used for tidal forcing. Although the distribution of extreme bed stresses computed with only M₂ tidal forcing is comparable to that computed with five tides, the additional tidal constituents modify the magnitude of the bed stress. In particular the diurnal tides show regions of local enhanced current amplitude in the shelf-edge region with corresponding changes in bed stress. When water depths are reduced such that the North Sea and English Channel are separated, then there is a significant change in the tidal distribution in the shallow Southern Bight which influences bed-stress distributions and hence bed-load sediment transport in the area. Besides changes in shallow regions, the distribution of tides at the shelf edge is affected. A discussion of the limitations of the present coarse-grid model in shelf-edge regions and how it can be used to provide boundary conditions for limited-area three-dimensional models that can include stratification is presented. Also the importance of stratification for sediment movement at the shelf edge is briefly discussed.Responsible Editor: Phil Dyke     

Theoretical investigation of convective instability in inclined and fluid-saturated three-dimensional fault zones

The convective instability of pore-fluid flow in inclined and fluid-saturated three-dimensional fault zones has been theoretically investigated in this paper. Due to the consideration of the inclined three-dimensional fault zone with any values of the inclined angle, it is impossible to use the conventional linear stability analysis method for deriving the critical condition (i.e., the critical Rayleigh number) which can be used to investigate the convective instability of the pore-fluid flow in an inclined three-dimensional fault zone system. To overcome this mathematical difficulty, a combination of the variable separation method and the integration elimination method has been used to derive the characteristic equation, which depends on the Rayleigh number and the inclined angle of the inclined three-dimensional fault zone. Using this characteristic equation, the critical Rayleigh number of the system can be numerically found as a function of the inclined angle of the three-dimensional fault zone. For a vertically oriented three-dimensional fault zone system, the critical Rayleigh number of the system can be explicitly derived from the characteristic equation. Comparison of the resulting critical Rayleigh number of the system with that previously derived in a vertically oriented one has demonstrated that the characteristic equation of the Rayleigh number is correct and useful for investigating the convective instability of pore-fluid flow in the inclined three-dimensional fault zone system. The related numerical results from this investigation have indicated that: (1) the convective pore-fluid flow may take place in the inclined three-dimensional fault zone; (2) if the height of the fault zone is used as the characteristic length of the system, a decrease in the inclined angle of the inclined fault zone stabilizes the three-dimensional fundamental convective flow in the inclined three-dimensional fault zone system; (3) if the thickness of the stratum is used as the characteristic length of the system, a decrease in the inclined angle of the inclined fault zone destabilizes the three-dimensional fundamental convective flow in the inclined three-dimensional fault zone system; and that (4) the shape of the inclined three-dimensional fault zone may affect the convective instability of pore-fluid flow in the system.     

Fractured-karst spring-flow protections: a case study in Jinan, China

Jinan Springs are an important historical heritage in China and have been well known for hundreds of years. Over-abstraction of groundwater in the Jinan area has seriously endangered the hydrological system of the springs, which have stopped flowing for significant periods of time in recent years. A three-dimensional finite-element model programmed primarily at the Hefei University of Technology has been developed to simulate groundwater level change in the large fractured-karst aquifer system in the Jinan Springs field. Various spring protection plans have been explored and their effects on the water table analyzed and compared. It was found that the present rate of groundwater withdrawal from the fractured-karst system in this area was inappropriate for spring protection. The simulated results suggest that decreasing the rate of groundwater pumping from 6.9×10⁵ to 2.7×10⁵ m³/day is needed to protect spring flows. Additional water resource requirements in that area may be met by use of surface water and recycled waste water.     

Influence of the head and tip connection on the seismic performance of micropiles

This paper presents a study of the influence of connection conditions at the head and tip of micropiles on their response to seismic loading. The study is carried using a fully three-dimensional finite element modeling. The soil is assumed to be elastic with Rayleigh damping. The superstructure is modeled by a single degree of freedom system composed of a concentrated mass and a column. The study is carried out for both vertical and inclined micropiles. The results of analyses show that a pinned connection between the micropiles and the cap leads to a reduction in the axial force and bending moment in micropiles, in particular for inclined micropiles. They also show that the embeddement of the tip of micropiles in a stiff substratum layer leads to a dramatic increase in the internal forces in the micropiles.     

局部三维大地网的平面坐标与高程坐标的精度分析

本文从理论和实际两方面讨论了局部三维网的平面坐标与高程坐标的精度,分析了平面坐标与高程坐标的相关性问题,并用一局部测边三维网,计算和分析了测边三角高程在什么情况下能代替等级水准测量。     

三维大地电磁自适应L1范数正则化反演

常规三维大地电磁反演的正则项为L₂范数,它以电阻率空间分布函数处处光滑为模型期望,弱化了算法对电性突变界面的分辨能力.本文实现了正则项为L₁范数的三维大地电磁反演算法,让模型空间梯度向量更有机会取得稀疏解,在充分正则的迭代下能够有效突出模型真实电性界面.为避免L₁范数零点不可导带来的求解困难,使用迭代重加权最小二乘法把原问题转换为一系列L₂正则子问题迭代求解.每个子问题的极小方法使用改进型拟牛顿法,其下降方向既能保证正则项海塞矩阵的精确性,又能允许反演过程随迭代灵活更新正则因子.使用比值法或分段衰减法自适应更新正则因子以避免迭代早期陷入奇异解,从而提升反演收敛的稳定性并降低初始模型依赖度.合成的无噪数据反演表明L₁正则算法的模型恢复效果优于L₂正则;不同噪声水平的合成数据反演表明本文的算法具有稳健性;实测数据反演对比表明在合理的正则因子调整策略下,L₁正则反演结果的模型分辨率优于L₂正则.另外,不同初始模型的反演测试还表明,正则因子选取不合理时L₁正则可能造成方块状假异常.     

An update on automatic 3D building reconstruction

The development of tools for the generation of 3D city models started almost two decades ago. From the beginning, fully automatic reconstruction systems were envisioned to fulfil the need for efficient data collection. However, research on automatic city modelling is still a very active area. The paper will review a number of current approaches in order to comprehensively elaborate the state of the art of reconstruction methods and their respective principles. Originally, automatic city modelling only aimed at polyhedral building objects, which mainly reflects the respective roof shapes and building footprints. For this purpose, airborne images or laser scans are used. In addition to these developments, the paper will also review current approaches for the generation of more detailed facade geometries from terrestrial data collection.     

2017年精河MS6.6地震邻区构造应力场特征与发震断层性质的厘定

2017年8月9日新疆精河发生M_S6.6地震,深入了解该地震的构造应力背景及其所破裂断层的活动特性对理解其孕震过程及震后的地震危险性估计十分重要.本研究自GCMT目录收集了2017年8月9日新疆精河M_S6.6地震震中及其邻区的253个震源机制解,应用MSATSI软件反演了该地震及其邻区的应力场.反演结果显示,西北区域应力场的最大主压应力轴的方位从西到东呈现出NNW-NS-NNE的渐变过程,东南区域应力场最大主压应力轴的方位稳定于NNE向,倾角都较小;最大主张应力轴都基本沿东西向,倾角相对较大;西北区域较大的R值显示出区域应力场主要受近NS向水平挤压作用,中部挤压分量相对较大,西部和东部挤压分量相对较小.根据所反演的区域构造应力场,结合发震的库松木契克山前断裂的地质调查参数,估算该断裂的理论滑动角为137.7°,误差为21.3°,验证了地质上得到的库松木契克山前断裂的逆冲兼右旋走滑性质.判断该断裂滑动性质的另一种方法是通过发生在该断裂上地震的震源机制验证.本研究首先计算了发生在库松木契克山前断裂不同机构给出的震源机制节面在所反演的局部应力场作用下的理论滑动角,发现理论滑动角与实际地震震源机制滑动角相差很小,验证了反演的局部应力场的正确性;而后计算了局部应力场作用下的库松木契克山前断裂上的理论震源机制与实际发生地震震源机制的三维空间旋转角,发现两者在给定的误差范围内是一致的.本研究自地球物理角度确证了库松木契克山前断裂的滑动性质,为该地区的地震孕育环境、地震活动性和地球动力学研究提供了基础.     

三维激发极化法反演研究及其在金属矿勘探中的应用

激发极化法在金属矿、硫化矿等资源勘探方面应用较广.随着勘探设备与计算机硬件的发展,所采集到的数据具有观测数据量大、布极方式多样等特点.针对实测数据的特点,我们研究完成了基于并行技术的激发极化法对数反演算法,该算法具有如下特点：（1）通过压缩存储技术和并行技术的集成实现了可以处理大数据特征的反演算法;（2）利用对数反演来约束每次计算得到新模型的电导率恒为正,充电率在0到1之间变化,从而保证反演的稳定性和可靠性.本文首先设计了两组对比模型进行试验,通过对不同区块数据采用不同加权的方式来减弱噪声对反演结果影响的效果;其次,采用并行技术提高了反演的计算速度,并利用理论模型分析了不同电极装置对反演分辨率的影响.最后,在甘肃某金属矿开发前景区利用激发极化法开展了中梯装置的采集工作,利用加权后的观测数据反演推断出了测区金属矿开发靶区的大致位置及分布特征.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF REDUCING SECONDARY FLOWS AROUND A SPUR DIKE

1 INTRODUCTION The Yangtze River at the Three Gorges Project (TGP) site meanders with a complex morphology, including ridges like Jiuling Hill that projects into the approach navigation channel (Fig. 1). The approach navigation channel consists of a 530-m…