ArcGIS构造三维水文地质模型探讨

三维建模是ArcGIS的重要应用,结合实例,介绍了在GIS环境下构建三维地质模型常用的方法,提出并详细阐述了基于面模型构建三维水文地质模型的层面-体视化建模方法.该方法以钻孔资料为基础,在GIS环境下建立三维水文地质模型并实现了在网上面向对象的三维可视化,对类似问题的研究具有一定的借鉴意义.     

螺旋CT三维重建技术及临床应用

目的：是探讨螺旋ＣＴ三维重建技术的临床应用价值。材料与方法：为１０５例三维重建检查人分为三组：血和性病变，骨骼病变和肺内结节，扫描技术和造影剂参数按受检部位范围和病变性质具体设计。三维重建采用最大强度投影或／和表面成像显示。结果；得到全部病例都能清晰显示病变在三维立体空间的实际大小，形态，位置及周围组织结构的立体解剖关系。     

全球俯冲带形态特征研究

利用CNSS编辑的深源地震目录，对全球深度500km以上的俯冲板块形态进行研究，给出了俯冲带的俯冲参数，以及菲律宾和班达弧俯冲带的三维形态。     

物理调整油气藏的类型与成藏机制研究——运用三维荧光定量研究塔里木盆地轮南三叠系油气藏调整机制

轮南隆起是塔里木盆地海相油气最为富集的复式含油气区,从奥陶系到白垩系均发现工业油气流,均来源于中-上奥陶统海相烃源岩。中生界砂岩是海相油气成藏系统的"末端",目前发现的油气均来自奥陶系油气藏的调整。其中,轮南地区三叠系油气藏油气性质复杂、相态多样,不同地区的油气调整期次和成藏过程均不一致。激光诱导三维荧光定量分析技术也可以分析古油水界面变化,在确定古油柱高度,反映油气水变迁等方面发挥重要作用。根据三维荧光定量研究,划分出垂向调整、侧向运移和油气混合三种调整类型:轮南断垒带三叠系仅发生一期油气充注,奥陶系油气发生垂向调整聚集成藏;中部平台区喜马拉雅山期三叠系地层发生翘倾,油气主要通过不整合发生侧向运移调整;晚期的构造运动不仅是油气调整的动力机制,而且构造高部位是早期油气调整和后期油气汇聚的有利区域。根据三种油气调整成藏模式的油气地质特征分析认为,垂向调整油气藏分布范围受断层断开层位和组合形式限制;侧向运移的油气沿不整合面和层状砂体调整距离较远,分布范围较广,在局部岩性或构造圈闭聚集成藏,但油气丰度较低;油气混合型调整油气藏形成于多期构造作用的叠加区,现今构造高部位有利于多期油气汇聚,形成油气性质复杂、相态多样的油气藏。     

斜入射平面SH波在层状半空间中沉积谷地周围的三维散射

The indirect boundary element method （IBEM） is used to study three-dimensional scattering of obliquely incident plane SH waves by an alluvial valley embedded in a layered half-space. The free-field response of the layered half-space is calculated by the direct stiffness method, and dynamic Green＇s functions of moving distributed loads acting on inclined lines in a layered half-space are calculated to simulate the scattering wave field. The presented method yields very accurate results since the three-dimensional dynamic stiffness matrix is exact and the moving distributed loads can act directly on the valley boundary without singularity. Numerical results and analyses are performed for amplification of obliquely incident plane SH waves around an alluvial valley in a uniform half-space and in single layer over half-space. The results show that the three-dimensional responses are distinctly different from the two-dimensional responses, and the displacement amplitudes around alluvial valleys in a uniform haft-space are obviously different from those in a layered half-space.     

A semi-implicit three-dimensional numerical model for non-hydrostatic pressure free-surface flows on an unstructured,sigma grid

A semi-implicit 3-D numerical formulation for solving non-hydrostatic pressure free-surface flows on an unstructured,sigma grid is proposed.Pressure-splitting and 9 semi-implicit methods are inherited and reformed from Casulli’s z-coordinate formulation.The non-orthogonal sigma-coordinate transformation leads to additional terms. The resulting linear system for the non-hydrostatic correction is diagonally dominant but unsymmetric,and it is solved by the BiCGstab method.In contrast with z-coordinate non-hydrostatic models,the new model fits vertical boundaries much better,which is important for the long-time simulation of sediment transport and riverbed deformation.A lock-exchange density flow is computed to determine whether the new scheme is able to simulate non-hydrostatic free-surface flows.The new model is further verified using the field data of a natural river bend of the lower Yangtze River.Good agreement between simulations and earlier research results,field data is obtained, indicating that the new model is applicable to hydraulic projects in real rivers.     

Numerical exploration of the photogravitational restricted five-body problem

We study numerically the restricted five-body problem when some or all the primary bodies are sources of radiation. The allowed regions of motion as determined by the zero-velocity surface and corresponding equipotential curves, as well as the positions of the equilibrium points are given. We found that the number of the collinear equilibrium points of the problem depends on the mass parameter β and the radiation factors q _i , i=0,…,3. The stability of the equilibrium points are also studied. Critical masses associated with the number of the equilibrium points and their stability are given. The network of the families of simple symmetric periodic orbits, vertical critical periodic solutions and the corresponding bifurcation three-dimensional families when the mass parameter β and the radiation factors q _i vary are illustrated. Series, with respect to the mass (and to the radiation) parameter, of critical periodic orbits are calculated.     

Evaluation of undrained failure envelopes of caisson foundations under combined loading

In this paper, results of a three-dimensional finite element study addressing the effect of embedment ratio (L/D) of caisson foundations on the undrained bearing capacity under uniaxial and combined loadings are discussed. The undrained response of caisson foundations under uniaxial vertical (V), horizontal (H) and moment (M) loading are investigated. A series of equations are proposed to predict the ultimate vertical, moment and maximum horizontal bearing capacity factors. The undrained response of caisson foundations under combined V-H and V-M load space is studied and presented using failure envelopes generated with side-swipe method. The kinematic mechanism accompanying failure under uniaxial loading is addressed and presented for different embedment ratios. Predictions of the uniaxial bearing capacities are compared with other models and it is confirmed that the proposed equations appropriately describe the capacity of caisson foundations under uniaxial vertical, horizontal and moment loading in homogenous undrained soils. The results of this paper can be used as a basis for standard design codes of off-shore skirted shallow foundations which will be the first of its kind.     

Novel 3D centimetre-to nano-scale quantification of an organic-rich mudstone: The Carboniferous Bowland Shale,Northern England

X-ray computed tomography and serial block face scanning electron microscopy imaging techniques were used to produce 3D images with a resolution spanning three orders of magnitude from ∼7.7 μm to 7 nm for one typical Bowland Shale sample from Northern England, identified as the largest potential shale gas reservoir in the UK. These images were used to quantitatively assess the size, geometry and connectivity of pores and organic matter. The data revealed four types of porosity: intra-organic pores, organic interface pores, intra- and inter-mineral pores. Pore sizes are bimodal, with peaks at 0.2 μm and 0.04 μm corresponding to pores located at organic–mineral interfaces and within organic matter, respectively. These pore-size distributions were validated by nitrogen adsorption data. The multi-scale imaging of the four pore types shows that there is no connected visible porosity at these scales with equivalent diameter of 20 nm or larger in this sample. However, organic matter and clay minerals are connected and so the meso porosity (<20 nm) within these phases provides possible diffusion transport pathways for gas. This work confirms multi-scale 3D imaging as a powerful quantification method for shale reservoir characterisation allowing the representative volumes of pores, organic and mineral phases to be defined to model shale systems. The absence of connected porosity at scales greater than 20 nm indicates the likely importance of the organic matter network, and associated smaller-scale pores, in controlling hydrocarbon transport. . The application of these techniques to shale gas plays more widely should lead to a greater understanding of properties in the low permeability systems.     

基于卫星亮温资料同化对2009年热带风暴“浪卡”的数值研究

本文利用三维变分同化系统（WRFDA）,设计了4个同化试验方案,将ATOVS卫星亮温资料直接同化到中尺度数值模式（WRF）中,研究同化ATOVS不同卫星亮温资料对2009年04号热带风暴“浪卡”数值模拟的影响。结果表明,直接同化卫星亮温资料能够改善初始场结构（大气流场、温度场）,尤其是对西太平洋反气旋系统,进而提高对热带气旋路径的模拟精度。同化不同类型的ATOVS卫星亮温资料对于热带气旋的移动路径有着不同程度的改善,其中以HIRS3和HIRS4资料同化对热带气旋移动路径改善效果最好。