云闪放电过程中雨滴增长的数值试验研究

利用二维数值模式,对雨滴在云闪放电条件下的增长进行了试验研究。分别讨论了在不同的电场、荷电量和电场角度时雨滴的增长演变及其运动状况。结果表明：二维模式中闪电放电对雨滴增长的影响与一维有明显不同。电场和荷电量作单因子变化时,雨滴在二维中随参量取值的增加变化较大。两者同时变化时,其乘积愈大雨滴增长幅度愈大。雨滴对电场角度绝对值变化的反应较为缓慢。其运动轨迹在不同的条件下均为准周期的。     

RESEARCH ON REBUILDING OZONE DYNAMIC SYSTEM OF ZONAL AVERAGE OVER THE TROPIC ZONE

The ozone data observed by TOMS in every 5°N are extended into the phase space to describe the characteristics of ozone with phase trace. First of all, the fractional dimension of the ozone layer is calculated. Then.the phase points are regarded as some discrete characteristics solution, and the parameters of mathematical model which describe the time variation of system state are retrieved, so that the nonlinear dynamic system which reflects the short-term variation of zonal average ozone layer over the tropics is rebuilt.     

Hausdorff分数维识别地震道初至走时

地震波初至走时的识别在地震勘探、人工地震层析成像以及全球地震层析成像方法研究中起重要作用．初至走时拾取的精度在很大的程度上影响地震层析成像及演的精度．本研究以提高地震波初至走时拾取的精度及定量化程度为目标,利用计算地震道时间序列分数维的方法,实现了地震波初至走时的自动拾取．本文以分形理论为基础,进行了地震道时间序列Hausdorff分数维的计算．计算结果表明地震道时间序列的分数维在初至到达前后具有不同的数值,其变化点能够定量指示出初至走时的位置．本文还给出了利用该方法对实测数据进行初至走时拾取的实例．     

Quantification of Natural Fracture Surfaces Using Fractal Geometry

The purpose of this paper is to present an extensive evaluation of the methods to calculate the fractal dimension of natural fracture surfaces. Three methods; variogram analysis (VA), power spectral density (PSD), and roughness-length method (RMS) are applied to 2-D surface data (PSD) and 1-D profiles (VA and RMS) extracted from the surface data of 54 mm diameter crystallized limestone samples. Surface topography of the samples is quantified through a newly designed fully automated device. Before the application, self-affinity of the surface roughness and the applicability of these methods are validated using synthetically generated fractal surfaces. Fractal dimension values of the profiles are obtained as between 1 and 1.5 with a few exceptions. VA and RMS methods yield consistent fractal dimensions while the PSD values are lower than those of the other two methods. In terms of practical applicability, the VA is found more convenient than other two methods because there still exists shortcomings with the PSD and RMS methods due to difficulties in the mathematical analysis of the plots whose slopes are used in the computation of fractal dimension. However, it is observed that the data of limited size fracture surfaces are convenient for fractal analysis and the results are promising for further applications if the fracture surface size is restricted like cores recovered from deep boreholes.     

Scale-dependent analysis of satellite imagery for characterization of glacier surfaces in the Karakoram Himalaya

Information regarding process-structure relationships and change in the Karakoram Himalaya is of great importance in studying glacier hydrollogy, mass balance, and dynamic environmental change. Such information is not readily available. Detailed spatio-temporal assessment requires field investigation coupled with quantitative remote sensing studies. We conducted an investigation of the large Batura Glacier in Pakistan to determine if spectral variability can be quantified and used to characterize glacier surfaces. Specifically, SPOT Panchromatic satellite data were evaluated for differentiating features of glacier structure resulting from ice movement, ablation, and supraglacial fluvial action. Image semivariogram analysis was conducted. for assessing spectral variability patterns and fractal analysis was used to examine scale-dependent variation in the data. Results indicate that spectral variability from fields of ice seracs can exhibit fractal characteristics, although most surface features on the glacier exhibit a change in the fractal dimension over different ranges in scale. The fractal dimension was found to be useful for differentiating between glacier surfaces such as white ice and debris-covered ice. Characteristics of the debris-load and the scale-dependent nature of calculating the fractal dimension ultimately determined the potential of class separability.     

三国创基立业的地理阐释

地理环境是历史发展的空间,军事活动的“舞台”,是人类生存与发展不可脱离的物质基础。自古以来,人类在地理环境这个舞台上演出了一幕幕惊天动地、可歌可泣的史剧。战争总是在一定地域上进行的,地理环境对于政治、军事力量的抗衡以及作战规模与方式等有着深刻的影响与制约作用。纵观历史,历代区域政治、军事力量间的抗衡多有一定的地理背景与自然基础。而魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立也概莫能外。剖析魏蜀吴创基立国的地理背景,自然基础以及政治、军事活动与地理环境的关系无疑是有意义的     

中国断裂构造的分形特征及其大地构造意义

中国大陆壳体中深大断裂的分布具有分形结构特征。大陆全境的分维值为1．493,各构造区的分维值为0．827～1．624。活动区特别是地洼区中断裂构造分维值（1．236～1．624）显著大于稳定区即地台区的分维值（0．827～1．074）,并且壳体结合部位的分维值大于壳内部位。断裂构造的分维值反映了区域大地构造演化、运动历史的复杂性和构造活动的强弱性,因而可作为大地构造研究的一个定量参数。     

基因算法在地质分维数估计中的应用

介绍了估计了质分维数的传统基因算法的主要步骤及改进的基因算法,并通过实例与传统的线性最小二乘法和非线性叠代法进行了比较,表明该方法直观,简便,通用性强,并具有较高的拟合精度。     

Scattering attenuation and the fractal geometry of fracture systems

Scattering of seismic waves can be shown to have a frequency dependenceQ ^{–1 3–v} if scattering is produced by arrays of inhomogeneities with a 3D power spectrumW _3D(k) k ^–v. In the earth's crust and upper mantle the total attenuation is often dominated by scattering rather than intrinsic absorption, and is found to be frequency dependent according toQ ^–1 , where –1<–0.5. IfD ₁ is the fractal dimension of the surface of the 3D inhomogeneities measured on a 2D section, then this corresponds respectively to 1.5<D ₁1.75, since it can be shown that =2(D ₁–2). Laboratory results show that such a distribution of inhomogeneities, if due to microcracking, can be produced only at low stress intensities and slow crack velocities controlled by stress corrosion reactions. Thus it is likely that the earth's brittle crust is pervaded by tensile microcracks, at least partially filled by a chemically active fluid, and preferentially aligned parallel to the maximum principal compressive stress. The possibility of stress corrosion implies that microcracks may grow under conditions which are very sensitive to pre-existing heterogeneities in material constants, and hence it may be difficult in practice to separate the relative contribution of crack-induced heterogeneity from more permanent geological heterogeneities.By constrast, shear faults formed by dynamic rupture at critical stress intensities produceD ₁=1, consistent with a dynamic rupture criterion for a power law distribution of fault lengths with negative exponentD. The results presented here suggest empirically thatD ₁-1/2(D+1), thereby providing the basis for a possible framework to unify the interpretation of temporal variations in seismicb-value (b-D/2) and the frequency dependence of scattering attenuation ().This is PRIS contribution 046.     

基岩海岸节理对区域宏观断裂系的响应及其对海岸线分形性质的影响研究--以中国福州市基岩海岸为例

在跟踪国内外相关研究进展的基础上，通过采取野外实地勘测与室内分析相结合的研究方法，以中国福州市基岩海岸为例探讨了基岩海岸节理对区域宏观断裂系的响应以及节理对海岸线分形性质的影响问题。得到的基本结论为：第一，节理与区域大尺度宏观断裂系存在着一定的响应关系；第二，节理由于其空间复杂程度的不同和发育走向的差异，对海岸线的分形性质产生着不同程度的重要影响。