井孔水温对远场巨震同震响应及其机制的数模研究

热量的流动必然伴随着温度的改变,地震活动期间的井孔水温同震响应也服从热力学的基本规律。本文以汶川8.0级地震和日本福岛9.0级地震为例,以海口ZK26井水温同震响应的观测数据为基础,运用热力学传导方程的数值模拟方法,研究了同震响应过程中井孔水温度变化与热量传导之间的关系及相关的热力学机制问题。通过正演的方法,得出沿井深方向不同时刻水温同震响应变化的数值模拟曲线,水温数值模拟曲线与实际测量数据一致。研究结果表明,井孔中水温同震响应方式（上升、下降或不变）,与水温传感器的位置、热源的位置和分布、传感器与热源之间的相对空间等因素有关。     

Pesticides Removal Using Conventional and Low‐Cost Adsorbents: A Review

Worldwide pesticide usage has increased dramatically during the last three decades, coinciding with changing practices and increasing by intensive agriculture. This widespread use of pesticides for agricultural and non‐agricultural purposes has resulted in the presence of their residues in various environmental matrices. The occurrence of pesticides and their metabolite transported in rivers, channels, lakes, sea, air, soils, groundwater, and even drinking water, proves the high risk of these chemicals to human health and the environment. Therefore, pesticide removal is of an increasing concern. In this study, a review of the published literature dealing with pesticides removal process is presented. Firstly, pesticide removal by conventional means is briefly considered. Secondly, the use of the low‐cost sorbent through biosorption process is discussed comprehensively. The effect of factors such as pH, contact time, sorbent dosage, initial pesticide concentration, and optimization of biosorption conditions is also discussed. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and mechanism studies are also given. This study shows that both microorganisms and other materials with biological origin like agricultural by‐products may be used to this end. There is a significant potential for pesticide uptake by the use of various pristine and especially modified biosorbents. In the case of living organisms used as removal agents, degradation may also play a role in the total removal observed.     

霰粒子下落速度对云系及降水发展影响的数值研究

云和降水的形成是动力过程与微物理过程相瓦作用的产物,云数值模式中的微物理过程参数化方案对云和降水发展过程有直接影响.在云数值模式中,粒子群体的下落速度都足用质量加权下落末速度公式来表达,而且不同的模式采用的公式存在差异,质量加权下落末速度中参数取值不同,引起的粒子下落末速度不同.为了了解粒子下落末速度变化对云系和降水发展的影响,对2004年8月12日一次冷锋降水过程,利用中尺度ARPS模式做模拟研究.在分析降水机制的基础上,对霰这一下落末速度较大的降水粒子,做下落末速度(Vg)的敏感性试验,从动力、热力、微物理的角度,通过数值模拟对比分析了霰下落末速度减小对降水分布和强度、云系的移动、云系的宏观热力和动力场的影响,并给出了影响的途径和机理.结果表明:Vg变化对云的厚度和含水量有影响,下落末速度减小对冰晶、雪、霰的含水量垂直分布及分布随时间变化影响较大,其中,霰的含水量显著减少,雪的含水量增加,并调整了云中水质粒的空间分布;Vg减小对地面累积总降水量的分布影响较小,但对降水强度的分布影响较大.Vg减小时,降水强度减小,降水时间延迟,因此,霰下落末速度变化将调整底层降水分布;对于云系的移动情况基本上没有影响,但对云中水质粒的空间分布有影响;霰下落末速度变化影响云中霰的融化和撞冻增长从而影响热力场.末速度减小时,霰和雪的融化罱明显减小,导致非绝热冷却率的减小,引起下沉气流的减小.     

High-level waste disposal,ethics and thermodynamics

Moral philosophy applied to nuclear waste disposal can be linked to paradigmatic science. Simple thermodynamic principles tell us something about rightness or wrongness of our action. Ethical judgement can be orientated towards the chemical compatibility between waste container and geological repository. A container-repository system as close as possible to thermodynamic equilibrium is ethically acceptable. It aims at unlimited stability, similar to the stability of natural metal deposits within the Earth’s crust. The practicability of the guideline can be demonstrated.     

熵与能量退化

熵与过程的不可逆性、系统的混乱度、能量的转变含量、状态的稳定性都有一定的联系。本文从克劳修斯熵单词出发,介绍能量品质的含义,讨论能量退化现象,证明能量退化原理,从而阐明熵函数量度能量转变含量的物理意义。     

Comparison between the Gauss’ law method and the zero current method to calculate multi-species ionic diffusion in saturated uncharged porous materials

A novel numerical method based on the finite element approach is established for the zero current method approach for calculating multi-species ionic diffusion. The proposed numerical method uses the direct calculation of the coupled set of equations in favor of the staggering approach. A one-step truly implicit time stepping scheme is adopted together with an implementation of a modified Newton–Raphson iteration scheme for search of equilibrium at each considered time step calculation. Results from the zero current case are compared with existing results from the solutions of the more general Gauss’ law method.     

Thermodynamic data of the high-pressure phase Mg5Al5Si6O21(OH)7 (Mg-sursassite)

 Calorimetric and P–V–T data for the high-pressure phase Mg₅Al₅Si₆O₂₁(OH)₇ (Mg-sursassite) have been obtained. The enthalpy of drop solution of three different samples was measured by high-temperature oxide melt calorimetry in two laboratories (UC Davis, California, and Ruhr University Bochum, Germany) using lead borate (2PbO·B₂O₃) at T=700 ^∘C as solvent. The resulting values were used to calculate the enthalpy of formation from different thermodynamic datasets; they range from −221.1 to −259.4 kJ mol⁻¹ (formation from the oxides) respectively −13892.2 to −13927.9 kJ mol⁻¹ (formation from the elements). The heat capacity of Mg₅Al₅Si₆O₂₁(OH)₇ has been measured from T=50 ^∘C to T=500 ^∘C by differential scanning calorimetry in step-scanning mode. A Berman and Brown (1985)-type four-term equation represents the heat capacity over the entire temperature range to within the experimental uncertainty: C _P (Mg-sursassite) =(1571.104 −10560.89×T ^−0.5−26217890.0 ×T ⁻²+1798861000.0×T ⁻³) J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (T in K). The P V T behaviour of Mg-sursassite has been determined under high pressures and high temperatures up to 8 GPa and 800 ^∘C using a MAX 80 cubic anvil high-pressure apparatus. The samples were mixed with Vaseline to ensure hydrostatic pressure-transmitting conditions, NaCl served as an internal standard for pressure calibration. By fitting a Birch-Murnaghan EOS to the data, the bulk modulus was determined as 116.0±1.3 GPa, (K ^′=4), V _T,0 =446.49 ³ exp[∫(0.33±0.05) × 10⁻⁴ + (0.65±0.85)×10⁻⁸ T dT], (K _T/T) _P  = −0.011± 0.004 GPa K⁻¹. The thermodynamic data obtained for Mg-sursassite are consistent with phase equilibrium data reported recently (Fockenberg 1998); the best agreement was obtained with Δ_f H ⁰ ₂₉₈ (Mg-sursassite) = −13901.33 kJ mol⁻¹, and S ⁰ ₂₉₈ (Mg-sursassite) = 614.61 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹. Received: 21 September 2000 / Accepted: 26 February 2001