东昆仑东段深大断裂的新认识

青海东昆仑东段在地质上已划定有东昆中、东昆南、东昆北、布青山南缘、温泉-哇洪山等多条深大断裂构造.以东昆仑东段开展的10个图幅1:20万区域重力调查成果--布格重力异常为基础,依据窗口平均法、水平导数等数据处理方法提取的区域场及剩余场等丰富的重力异常信息,结合航磁异常等资料,对东昆中、东昆北等断裂构造的展布位置提出了新的看法,并根据重力资料新推断断裂构造12条,提出尖山-哈莉哈德山断裂为2个一级构造单元的分界,同时通过拟合布格重力异常长剖面的定量计算方法,获取了部分深大断裂构造在东昆仑东段的产状参数.     

Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China

There are three types of shale gas resources in China. The resources are present in large amounts and are widely distributed. Marine facies, transitional facies and continental facies resources each account for a third. Based on resource distributions, there are many wells penetrated into the Sinian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian strata of the Yangtze plate and its periphery, the North China Craton and the Tarim Basin. Many years of exploration have indicated that the marine Silurian Longmaxi shale gas is widely distributed in south China and has been industrialized in its production in the Sichuan basin. The shale gas from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Sinian Doushantuo Formation are important discoveries in Yichang, Hubei and Zhenba, Shanxi. There are also shale gas resources found within transitional facies and continental facies in different areas in China. The “two element enrichment theory” has been summarized during the exploration process of Silurian marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin. In addition, horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies up to 3500 m in depth have been developed. Based on the understanding of shale gas accumulation in a complex tectonic zone outside the Sichuan basin, a preliminary summary of the formation of the “converse fault syncline control reservoir” and “paleo uplift control reservoir” model has been constructed. The dominant theory of “Trinity” shale gas enrichment and the high yield of the “deep water Lu Pengxiang sedimentary facies belt, structural preservation conditions and overpressure” is summarized. Guided by the above theories. Anye1 well in Guizhou and Eyangye1 well in Hubei were drilled. “Four storey” oil and shale gas is found in the Permian Qixia group, the Silurian Shiniulan Formation, the Longmaxi Formation and the Ordovician Baota Formation in Anye1 well. Good shale gas has been gound in the Cambrian Niutitang formation inian Doushantuo formation in Eyangye 1well. This paper aims to summarize and review the main progress, theoretical technology and problems of shale gas exploration and development in recent years in China, and predicts the future exploration and development direction for shale gas and possible exploration areas.     

1998年中国特大洪涝灾害的天气气候特点、成因分析及气象预报服务

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The universal applicability of logistic curve in simulating ecosystem carbon dynamic

As an S-shaped curve, the logistic curve has both high and low limit, which provides advantages in modelling the influences of environmental factors on biogeological processes. However, although the logistic curve and its transformations have drawn much attention in theoretical modelling, it is often used as a classification method to determine a true or false condition, and is less often applied in simulating the real data set. Starting from the basic theory of the logistic curve, with observed data sets, this paper explored the new application scenarios such as modelling the time series of environmental factors, modelling the influence of environmental factors on biogeological processes and modelling the theoretical curve in ecology area. By comparing the performance of traditional model and the logistic model, the results indicated that logistic modelling worked as well as traditional equations. Under certain conditions, such as modelling the influence of temperature on ecosystem respiration, the logistic model is more realistic than the widely applied Lloyd-Taylor formulation under extreme conditions. These cases confirmed that the logistic curve was capable of simulating nonlinear influences of multiple factors on biogeological processes such as carbon dynamic.     

承压井水位观测系统对体应变的响应机制分析

本文基于弹性力学与流体静力学原理对承压含水层这种弹性孔隙介质在作用力激励下所作出的体应变响应的力学机制进行了较清晰深入的阐述与理论推导,得到了井水位系统的动力学方程,该方程表明井水位系统为一个零阶的放大环节,其传递函数为一常数,从而给出了在含水层孔隙度分别等于零和等于1情况下的井水位系统所允许的理论格值范围.鉴于井水位系统为一个天然体应变计,其维尼迪柯夫调和分析所得到的振幅比（或潮汐因子）即为该水井的传递函数（灵敏度）.由于半日波为水位观测资料的主项,而M2波又为半日波的主项,因此以M2波灵敏度的倒数作为该井水位系统的格值是较为可取的.在取得格值的基础上,本文利用福建5口水井2008年5月份的井水位分钟值对发生在5月12日的四川汶川地震所引起的同震阶变进行计算,四川汶川大地震所引起的这5口水井的水震波幅度与体应变潮汐波幅度约为10^-7~10^-8.     

Theoretical analysis of type II dent pipe under external force

In-service pipelines are often subject to external disturbances that produce dent defects, and the presence of dent defects often affects the pipeline's ultimate bearing capacity. This paper analyzes the equilibrium state of dent pipelines under external force for in-service pipelines with type II dent defects. A simplified calculation model for the shell is established through a series of assumptions and simplifications. Firstly, the pipe ring is crushed and analyzed to obtain the crushing power of the pipe ring, and then the pipe generator is subjected to deformation analysis to obtain the generator dissipating power. According to the principle of virtual work, the relationship between the external force power and the internal power dissipation power in equilibrium state is obtained.Under the condition of internal pressure, the type II dent defect is analyzed, and the relationship between the external force and the depth of the dent defect and its corresponding analytical expression are obtained. Under the condition of no internal pressure, the dent defect under different constraints is analyzed, and the analytical expression of the applied load under different constraints is obtained.     

黔南-桂北地区大地电磁测深法应用研究

结合黔南—桂北地区大地电磁测深(MT)区域大剖面资料的分析,划分了不同的地质构造单元,揭示了盆、台结构的存在并圈定了其范围。结果表明:在我国南方海相地区,不同相带沉积岩相电阻率总体特征存在明显的差异;利用大地电磁测深的电阻率总体特征可以进行相带划分;根据各自相带中不同的地电结构特征可以研究标志层及局部构造圈闭。     

20世纪气候学理论研究的十项成就

回顾了20世纪气候学理论研究的主要成就,包括世界三大涛动、高低指数、月平均环流、瓦克环流、温室效应、月平均环流预测、ENSO预测、时滞振子理论、温盐环流及季平均环流预测。另外,对可能成为21世纪初气候学理论研究的几个热点问题作了分析,即气候预测、东亚季风、ENSO、年代际气候变率以及温室效应的检测。     

岩浆去气作用碳硫同位素效应

 根据开放体系条件下的瑞利分馏原理,并考虑岩浆中可能溶解的合碳和含硫组分,从理论上定量模式了岩浆去气作用对火成岩碳、硫同位素组成的影响。结果表明,岩浆CO₂去气作用能够导致岩石中碳酸盐显着亏损¹³C,其δ¹³C值能够从原始-5‰变化到-20‰(PDB);岩浆CH₄去气作用则导致岩石中碳酸盐相对富集¹³C,其δ¹³C值能够从原始-5‰变化到+4‰。岩浆SO₂去气作用可以导致岩石中硫化物显着亏损³⁴S,其δ³⁴S值能够从0‰变化到-8‰(CDT);岩浆H₂S去气作用则导致岩石中的硫化物相对富集4S,其δ³⁴S值能够从0‰变化到+6‰。因此,除源岩原始同位素不均一性和地壳物质混染能引起火成岩的碳、硫同位素组成发生较大变化外,岩浆去气作用也是重要原因之一。     

农地利用变化假说与相关的环境效应命题

将用途转移和集约度升降这两种类型的土地利用变化整合在一个过程中,解释变化机制的理论,有古典经济学的地租理论,还有若干理论性假说。这些假说又常常与一些土地利用的环境效应命题联系在一起,扩充为解释人地关系的假说。综述了解释农地利用变化的四大假说（包括基于马尔萨斯人口论的土地面积持续扩张假说、博斯鲁普的需求诱发型集约化假说、吉尔茨的集约度弹性假说、土地利用粗放化假说）和农地利用环境效应的三大命题（包括农地面积扩张造成土地退化、优质土地的集约化间接促使生态脆弱地区环境改善、农地利用粗放化和弃耕促使环境和生态恢复）,以及围绕这些假说和命题的争论和实证研究,旨在为土地利用变化的情景构建、模型模拟及愿景设计提供学术依据。