一次华南暴雨过程中水汽输送和热量的研究

利用NCEP/NCAR 每日4 次全球再分析1°×1°网格资料,计算了2004年7月17-21日华南汛期暴雨过程的水汽通量、视热源(Q1)和视水汽汇(Q2),并探讨了其垂直分布特征.结果表明:华南汛期暴雨过程中存在大量的水汽和凝结潜热.孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋都是这次华南暴雨过程重要的水汽供应源.暴雨区南边界为水汽的主要输入区,北边界为主要输出区,而暴雨区南、东边界的水汽输送主要发生在低层,西边界在中、低层的水汽输送大致相当.在这次降水过程中,视热源和视水汽汇的较大值与降水的大值区有很好的对应关系.视热源、视水汽汇和垂直上升运动与降水量的变化总体趋势是一致的.视热源垂直方向上的峰值在400 hPa附近,而视水汽汇呈双峰型特征,峰值分别在700 hPa和450 hPa附近.垂直平流项均是视热源、视水汽汇的主要贡献者.     

纵向岭谷作用下云南热量的时空特征

应用主分量分析(PCA)、统计分析及非整波求功率谱方法对云南省125站1971-2003年主要热量指标的时空特征及成因进行分析.结果表明:(1)纵向岭谷地形的"阻隔-通道"作用,使云南温度的纬向分布规律被破坏,经向分布规律比较明显,空间分布极不均匀;(2)纵向岭谷作用下云南热量地域分布差异显著,南部热量丰富,北部欠缺,西部比东部丰富,河谷地区热量最丰富,滇西北及山区热量最贫乏;(3)6、7月热量最丰沛,1月最为贫乏,春季热量好于秋季;(4)近30 a云南年平均气温有明显的上升趋势,存在明显的7 a、11 a、18 a周期振荡;(5)云南年平均气温具有大范围位相一致的变化趋势及东部冷(暖)与西部暖(冷)的变化类型.     

城市热岛效应的卫星遥感分析

利用MODIS资料研究了2004年4月南京城市热岛特征及其影响因子,结合地表覆盖类型分析了植被归一化指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)、地表温度(ts)、地表反照率(α)的城乡差异及其相互关系,探讨了城市热岛(Urban Heat Island,UHI)效应形成的机制.结果表明:南京城区存在着明显的城市热岛效应;城市平均ts比乡村高约10.83%;城市NDVI和α分别比乡村低约为62%和18.75%;NDVI与ts呈负相关,相关系数为-0.73,而NDVI与α之间关系与波段有关;城乡植被覆盖差异是造成UHI的主要原因,其次是地表反照率.     

城市热岛时空特征及其影响因素

城市热岛强度呈周期性和非周期性交叉性时间变化,水平分布呈现单中心式、多中心、条状、辐射状、格网状等多种格局形式,同时具有明显的立体空间分布特征。城市热岛的形成原因及影响因素诸多,主要归纳为人为热量释放、下垫面性质和结构、植被减少、大气污染、城市格局、天气状况等。     

宁夏南部地表辐射和热量平衡的遥感研究

为了研究和揭示宁夏南部地气能量传输过程及特点并进一步评估退耕还林还草的生态效应, 利用Landsat-7 ETM+卫星遥感资料所求取的地表特征参数, 将地表分成水体、裸地、半裸地、草地、林地5类地表覆盖类型, 结合常规气象观测资料, 分别计算得出宁夏南部地表辐射和热量平衡各量的区域分布, 并给出各量的分布图和直方图, 分类别讨论了地表辐射和热量平衡各量分布特征, 使得对宁夏南部区域地表辐射和热量平衡区域分布有一个直观、综合的了解和认识。研究表明, 植被分布对地表辐射和热量平衡各量影响很大。     

On the applicability of Kirchoff’s law and the principle of heat balance in thermal infrared remote sensing: A non-isothermal system

This paper proposes a basic equation of thermal radiation interaction between surface objects on the basis of the principle of heat balance in the interface. The solution of this equation takes account of the contribution of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux more completely, compared with traditional solution for surface cooling and heating processes. By the aid of the experimental data conducted in the Xiaotangshan experimental site, Beijing, both the non-applicability of Kirchoff’s law and the measurability of surface emissivity in a non-isothermal system have been highlighted. Two methods called ventilation and time-delay compensations have been proposed to reduce the error induced by change of surface temperatures of non-isothermal objects during the measurement of emissivity. Based on the solution of the basic equation, this paper has analyzed and pointed out the misunderstanding in comprehension and application of Kirchoff’s law published in literature.     

Effects Of Changing Surface Heat Flux On Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Flow Over Flat Terrain

We examine the unsteady response of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) of depth h and friction velocity u _* when a uniform surface heat flux is applied abruptly or decreased rapidly over a time scale t<inf>θ</inf> less than about h /(10u _*). Standard Monin–Obukhov (MO) relationships are used for the perturbed eddy viscosity profile in terms of the changes to the heat flux and mean shear. Analytical solutions for changes in temperature, mean wind and shear stress profile are obtained for the surface layer, when there are small changes in h /|L_MO| over the time scale t_MO~|L _MO|/(10u_*) (where L _MO and t _MO are the length and time scales, respectively). They show that a maximum in the wind speed profile occurs at the top of the thermal boundary layer for weak surface cooling, i.e. a wind jet, whereas there is a flattening of the profile and no marked maximum for weak surface heating. The modelled profiles are approximately the same as those obtained from the U.K. Met Office Unified Model when operating as a mesoscale model at 12-km horizontal resolution. The theoretical model is modified when strong surface heating is suddenly applied, resulting in a large change in h /|L _MO| (>>1), over the time scale t _MO. The eddy structure is predicted to change significantly and the addition of convective turbulence increases the shear turbulence at the ground. A low-level wind jet can form, with convective turbulence adding to the mean momentum of the flow. This was verified by our laboratory experiment and direct numerical simulations. Additionally, it is shown that the effects of Coriolis acceleration diminish (rather than as suggested in the literature, amplify) the formation of the wind jets in the situations considered here. Hence, only when the surface heat flux changes over time scales greater than 1/f (where f is the Coriolis parameter) does the ABL adjust monotonically between its equilibrium states. These results are also applicable to the ABL passing over spatially varying surface heat fluxes.     

Determination of soil heat flux in a tibetan short-grass prairie

Soil heat flux is examined using a new method considering soil thermal conduction and convection processes. Using this method, we determine that soil heat fluxes owing to soil thermal conduction and convection were significant for the Naqu site in the summer of 1998. Experimental analyses of the surface energy balance are given.     

Heat Flow Pattern in the Mainland of China and Its Geodynamic Significance

On the basis of 723 heat flow measurements in the mainland of China and over 2000 data from the global heat flow data set, the authors compiled the heat flow map of the mainland of China and its adjacent areas to exhibit the overall variation of the heat flow pattern in the mainland. The heat flow pattern of the mainland is complex, and can not be simply summarized as "low in the north and west and high in the south and east". Significant difference exists between eastern and western China in the spatial pattern of heat flow. Divided by the 105°E meridian, heat flow values in eastern China show a westward-decreasing trend; and a northward variation is observed in western China. The high-heat flow regions correspond to tectonically active belts such as Cenozoic orogens and extensional basins, where mantle heat flow is high; and the low-heat flow regions correspond to stable units such as the Tarim and Yangtze platforms. This heat flow pattern is controlled by India-Asia collision in the west and Pacific     

应用涡动相关法计算水热、CO2通量的国内外进展概况

目前涡动相关法被认为是国内外测定CO2、水热通量的最可靠方法。国外应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下森林和农田等生态系统的CO2、水热通量的计算问题，目前致力于非理想下垫面（真实地形）的CO2、水热通量的计算。而国内应用涡动相关技术起步较晚，用此方法测定水热通量已有一定的知识积累，但测定CO2通量还处于资料收集阶段。我国自然生态系统、环境外交和社会经济可持续发展都要求精确查明我国CO2的时空变化特征和动力学机制，这应是今后研究的重点，并提出了应用该方法存在的主要问题及可能的解决方法，指出值得深入研究的领域。