西藏尼木1901年M 6?地震的发震构造探讨

史料记载1901年4月26日西藏尼木发生M 6?级地震,其发震构造尚未有报道,对其发震构造的厘定有助于理解尼木地堑群的地震复发规律,科学评价周边地区的未来强震危险性。遥感解译与地质调查表明,尼木地堑群内部的庞刚地堑西边界断裂长约30 km,走向近北西—北北西,以彭刚玛曲为界分为南北两段。北段断裂地貌线性特征显著,陡坎发育,断错了多级冰碛物及河流阶地。位移恢复结果显示,河流阶地垂直断距T0约1.0 m,T1约2.6 m,T2约5.0 m。南段断裂沿虾庆曲展布,地貌线性特征显著,陡坎发育,断错了多期冲洪积扇体。尼木县城北部发现断裂错动T2阶地剖面,显示该断裂延伸至尼木县城北部。根据位移-震级经验公式计算,庞刚地堑西边界断裂最新一次地震的矩震级约为M_W 6.8,这与尼木地震比较吻合。遥感解译、地质调查与震级表明,庞刚地堑可能为1901年尼木地震的发震构造。结合历史地震记录分析认为,尼木地堑群中各个地堑具有独立发生中强地震的能力,其地震复发模式及其与亚东-谷露裂谷南北两段的地震活动差异等尚需进一步研究。      

渭河断陷及邻近地区地壳S波速度图象

选取１０４～１１２°Ｅ,３２．５～３８°Ｎ区域内陕西、山西、河南、湖北、甘肃、宁夏等省区的区域地震台网１９８４～１９９３年的１９４６个天然地震的Ｓ波观测资料,用地震层析成像方法反演了渭河断陷及其邻近地区的地壳Ｓ波速度图象,其结果表明地壳深部Ｓ波速度结构的不均匀性与该区大地构造单元、断裂构造及地震活动密切相关     

Geology and eruptive history of Unzen volcano, Shimabara Peninsula, Kyushu, SW Japan

During the past 500 thousand years, Unzen volcano, an active composite volcano in the Southwest Japan Arc, has erupted lavas and pyroclastic materials of andesite to dacite composition and has developed a volcanotectonic graben. The volcano can be divided into the Older and the Younger Unzen volcanoes. The exposed rocks of the Older Unzen volcano are composed of thick lava flows and pyroclastic deposits dated around 200–300 ka. Drill cores recovered from the basal part of the Older Unzen volcano are dated at 400–500 ka. The volcanic rocks of the Older Unzen exceed 120 km³ in volume. The Younger Unzen volcano is composed of lava domes and pyroclastic deposits, mostly younger than 100 ka. This younger volcanic edifice comprises Nodake, Myokendake, Fugendake, and Mayuyama volcanoes. Nodake, Myokendake and Fugendake volcanoes are 100–70 ka, 30–20 ka, and <20 ka, respectively. Mayuyama volcano formed huge lava domes on the eastern flank of the Unzen composite volcano about 4000 years ago. Total eruptive volume of the Younger Unzen volcano is about 8 km³, and the eruptive production rate is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the Older Unzen volcano.     

Pleistocene northwards fold propagation of the Jura within the southern Upper Rhine Graben: seismotectonic implications

On the basis of the geophysical (seismic profiles and electric tomography), geomorphic and geological data, we re-evaluate the post-Pliocene structural interpretation of the southern Upper Rhine graben (Basel–Mulhouse area): we demonstrate a Plio–Pleistocene northward propagation of the Jura thrust and fold belt up to Mulhouse proceeding from a succession of four 10 km apart ramps (from north to south Ferrette, Muespach, Magstatt and Rixheim) rooted within the late Triassic evaporitic marls acting as a decollement. This domain was previously considered as having undergone an on-going continuous extension (horst of Mulhouse bounded by the Quaternary Sirentz and Dannemarie grabens).The Quaternary activity of this thin-skinned tectonics induces the growth of a sedimentary wedge whose regional slope, which comprised between 1.4° and 1° to the north, also attests to a low friction basal detachment. More into details, these ramps correspond to 40–50-m high jumps within the forward topographic slope. Pleistocene activity is suggested just above the Muespach ramp by the presence of a 5–10-m north-facing scarp corresponding in depth to a 3-m vertical offset of early Pleistocene alluvial deposits. Farther to the north, a stronger incision of the Rhine Würm terrace can be interpreted as the result of the growth of the Mulhouse–Rixheim frontal ramp.This northward propagation of the Jura thrust and fold belt is strongly controlled by the Oligocene structural inheritage. The development of the frontal ramp in Mulhouse has to be related to the Oligocene significant vertical offset of the Triassic evaporite along the Mulhouse Railway Station fault preventing a propagation of the decollement farther to the north. In the same way, the fold propagation is laterally segmented by the N20°E trending Oligocene fabrics (from East to West, Rhine Valley flexure fault, Allschwil–Istein fault system and Illfurth fault) which acts above the decollement as lateral ramps. To the west, the development of a shallow anticline along the Illfurth fault suggests that the thin-skinned propagation is oblique with respect to the Oligocene fabrics. It results in spacial contrast between a left-lateral-reverse and a right-lateral–normal shallow kinematics along the western and eastern lateral ramps, respectively. In depth to the east, it also induces a vertical contrast between shallow (right-lateral–normal) and deep (left-lateral given by fault plane solutions) kinematics along the Istein–Allschwill–Rhine Valley fault system.Few arguments supporting a nucleation of the Basel-1356 earthquake, the strongest event in NW Europe in the last thousand years, onto the Rhine Valley fault system beneath the decollement have been given. However, we emphasize that the above mentioned coeval thin (aseismic)- and thick (seismic)-skinned tectonics along the Istein–Allschwill–Rhine Valley fault system would make difficult both the identification and the interpretation of the surface rupture of the Basel-1356 earthquake.     

冲绳海槽弧后张裂构造及其动力机制讨论

在总结、讨论冲绳海槽弧后张裂构造的地形地貌、地球物理场和动力背景特征的基础上,归纳出海槽北、中、南三段之间的差异,以及它们在陆坡、槽底、岛坡上的不同表现特征.槽底雁行排列的地堑及断层斜切入陆坡,伴随的断块隆眷作用往南加强,使得钓鱼岛一赤尾屿隆起带区别于其北边的陆架外缘隆起带,吕宋岛向台湾的碰撞挤压引起的旋张活动加强了海槽南段的地壳拉张,从北往南岛坡侧都可以追踪出双列岛孤特性.海槽内部构造现象不能为笼统的构造动力背景所能完全解释,需要对各个典型中央地堑的具体深入探测研究.鉴于地堑、地垒、断层以及它们所界定的构造单元和它们内部发生的岩浆作用各有特点,最后讨论了各个地段中央地堑的构造属性、动力要素的差异及变化规律,以期为海槽构造动力的进一步深入研究提供借鉴参考.     

Termination of intra‐arc rifting at ca 16 Ma in the Southwest Japan arc: The tectonostratigraphy of the Hokutan Group

Miocene intra‐arc rifting associated with the opening of the Japan Sea formed grabens in several areas in Southwest (SW) Japan, but the extensional tectonics of the arc are still not well understood. In this study, we first document the tectonostratigraphy of the Hokutan Group in the northwestern part of the Kinki district, and demonstrate the termination of extensional tectonics at ca 16.5 Ma, as inferred from grabens in the lower part of the group being unconformably overlain by sediments of the upper part. Second, we review early Miocene grabens in SW Japan to suggest that intra‐arc rifting was abandoned at ca 16 Ma, essentially simultaneously with the end of rotation of the SW Japan arc as evidenced by paleomagnetic studies. The lesser numbers of grabens and reduced thicknesses of graben fills suggest that extensional deformation of the SW Japan arc was significantly weaker than that of the Northeast (NE) Japan arc, which was broken into blocks, indicating various degrees of paleomagnetic rotation within NE Japan. The weak deformation has allowed paleomagnetic studies to infer the coherent rotation of the SW Japan arc.     

依-舒地堑下第三系地层格架与成因单元

依-舒地堑是大庆油田的主探区之一,下第三系是主要勘探目的层,准确地建立地层格架是油气勘探的基础。在占有大量资料的基础上,采用数理统计分析方法,建立了测井曲线、微量元素分层模式,有效地解决了测井曲线局部干扰和地层分析实验样品量少的问题。在综合考虑6种因素的基础上,以生物层序和构造层序单元为基础,建立了依-舒地堑的整体地层格架,提出了依-舒地堑统一地层格架对比方案,指出T₅、T₃、T₁地震反射层具有构造旋回意义,代表盆地演化的不同阶段,T₄、T₂地震反射层具有沉积学以及气候层序的意义。     

冲绳海槽宫古段中央地堑中的火山分布及地质意义

采用中国科学院海洋研究所“科学1号”调查船及国家海洋局“向阳红9号”调查船,于20世纪90年代以来在冲绳海槽宫古段进行海底地形及反射地震调查,所取得的数据,首次详细展示了冲绳海槽宫古段南北长约200km区域内海底火山的形态及其空间分布特征。在本段冲绳海槽发育的中轴火山和岛弧火山,分别位于中央地堑和海槽盆地东部边缘紧靠琉球岛弧的西侧。岛弧火山连续性强,总体上自东北而西南都有分布;中轴火山不如岛弧火山的连续性强,只在崂山段、黄岛段、胶南段、莱西段、城阳段和李沧段分布。中轴火山是在中央地堑之后发育的。中轴火山的发育不仅改变了原来中央地堑的位置,也改变了原来中央地堑的形态。中央地堑的左旋雁行排列,以及其形态的改变都是由于中轴火山发育的结果。中央地堑的右旋展布以及海底火山对中央地堑的改造,标志着冲绳海槽的演化已经在拉张和沉降的基础上进入到一个更高级的演化阶段(海底扩张),在岩浆供应不太充足的条件下,海底火山活动是冲绳海槽低速扩张的一种形式,海底扩张沿中央地堑正在进行。