Solution for a plane strain rough‐walled hydraulic fracture driven by turbulent fluid through impermeable rock

The impact of turbulent flow on plane strain fluid‐driven crack propagation is an important but still poorly understood consideration in hydraulic fracture modeling. The changes that hydraulic fracturing has experienced over the past decade, especially in the area of fracturing fluids, have played a major role in the transition of the typical fluid regime from laminar to turbulent flow. Motivated by the increasing preponderance of high‐rate, water‐driven hydraulic fractures with high Reynolds number, we present a semianalytical solution for the propagation of a plane strain hydraulic fracture driven by a turbulent fluid in an impermeable formation. The formulation uses a power law relationship between the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor and the scale of the fracture roughness, where one specific manifestation of this generalized friction factor is the classical Gauckler‐Manning‐Strickler approximation for turbulent flow in a rough‐walled channel. Conservation of mass, elasticity, and crack propagation are also solved simultaneously. We obtain a semianalytical solution using an orthogonal polynomial series. An approximate closed‐form solution is enabled by a choice of orthogonal polynomials embedding the near‐tip asymptotic behavior and thus giving very rapid convergence; a precise solution is obtained with 2 terms of the series. By comparison with numerical simulations, we show that the transition region between the laminar and turbulent regimes can be relatively small so that full solutions can often be well approximated by either a fully laminar or fully turbulent solution.     

Adventures in Data Analysis: The TAO Array and the 1997–1998 El Ni?o

Traditional undergraduate education in earth sciences does not emphasize data acquisition, analysis, or assessment. However, arrival of the information age dictates that earth sciences graduates be imbued with fundamental skills to organize, evaluate and process large data sets. Fortunately, the proliferation of remotely sensed data and its availability via the Internet provides many opportunities for earth science educators to meet these needs. Exercises to introduce students to data analysis have been designed utilizing data from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean (TAO) Array and the 1997–1998 El Niño episode in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The TAO Array is a grid of 69 buoys moored across the equatorial Pacific Ocean (8°N to 8°S and 95°W to 143°E) recording environmental data relevant to El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) processes. Data from the TAO Array is available in near-real-time (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/toga-tao/realtime.html) or as archived ASCII files (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/toga-tao/data-delivery.html) providing daily (sometimes hourly) records of environmental parameters for each buoy in the grid. Student exercises in data analysis begin with downloading data from buoy locations, parsing the data into spreadsheets, and organizing data by environmental parameter into yearly and monthly data sets. Analyses of reconstructed data include calculations of long-term averages of environmental parameters, seasonal climatologies, monthly climatologies and calculation of long-term, seasonal, and monthly anomalies. Finally, monthly anomaly maps produced by students are loaded sequentially into GIF-animation software to create time-series images illustrating the progress and development of the 1997–1998 El Niño event.     

新疆古生代陆相火山-次火山岩型金矿成矿规律分析

新疆古生代陆相火山岩型金矿主要矿床式有阿希式,分布于西天山博罗科努西段,形成于晚泥盆世;石英滩式分布于东天山觉罗塔格,形成于早二叠世;马庄山式分布于塔里木板块北缘,形成于晚石炭世.通过成矿条件、成矿作用及矿床成因分析表明,上述金矿的成矿时代与含矿建造近于同时或略晚,属于陆相火山-次火山岩准同生Au-Ag成矿系列类型.     

楚雄盆地与四川盆地中西部地质条件对比分析

通过楚雄盆地与四川盆地中西部区域地质条件和油气地质条件的对比研究,探讨了楚雄盆地与四川盆地中西部地区盆地性质、沉积序列、油气地质条件等方面的异同点,从而给楚雄盆地的油气勘探一些启示：它们间的基本地质特征、油气地质特征类似,且上三叠统地层为主要的烃源岩和自生自储组合,侏罗系储层也具有低孔、低渗、高含水饱和度、非均质性强的特征,裂缝对油气的富集、高产起到了重要作用。认为：加强砂体的展布、连通性研究,裂缝、断层性质、形态、沟通性、规模等研究,在有白垩系、第三系覆盖区完全有可能进行油气勘探。     

黔北下寒武统黑色岩系古地温及其指示意义

采用显微光度计测定黔北下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系固体沥青反射率平均为5.89%,按相关经验公式折算出来的镜质体反射率平均为4.123%,在迈维尔图解、Karwell图解、Hood图解上投点,结合干酪根和孢粉颜色指数法,推断黑色岩系的古地温为60～250℃。结合黄铁矿热电系数法和包裹体均一法测温值,认为黑色岩系属中、低温沉积成岩成矿作用,以低温沉积成岩成矿作用为主。"热"的来源为海底火山喷溢,含矿热卤水提供了丰富的有用元素。黑色岩系有机碳含量高,属好烃源岩,有机质成熟度高,热演化程度高,属过成熟。黑色岩系古地温的研究,对阐明黑色岩系的沉积、成岩和成矿条件具有重要意义。     

变差函数参数的计算

为了求出地质统计学中变差函数理论模型的参数，首先把相应模型化成线性函数的形式，多面手应用线性方程组非负解的理论计算出它的参数。     

滑体段采用m法模型的抗滑桩计算方法

在目前的抗滑桩设计计算方法中,多将抗滑桩与滑体间的作用力简化为已知荷载,而忽略了该力与桩位移直接相关的特点。对目前的计算模型进行了改进,采用m法模型模拟桩前滑体对桩的抗力,并分别对桩在滑面以上、以下的部分建立计算方程,应用幂级数法解得其位移及内力的表达式,再利用桩的上、下段在滑面处的变形协调条件,求得该截面的弯矩和剪力,最终得到整个桩的变形和内力以及桩、土之间的作用力。最后,分别应用该方法和有限元法对一算例进行计算,其结果吻合很好,证明了该方法的正确性。     

Statistical analyses of Global U-Pb Database 2017

The method of obtaining zircon samples affects estimation of the global U-Pb age distribution.Researchers typically collect zircons via convenience sampling and cluster sampling.When using these techniques,weight adjustments proportional to the areas of the sampled regions improve upon unweighted estimates.Here,grid-area and modern sediment methods are used to weight the samples from a new database of 418,967 U-Pb ages.Preliminary tests involve two age models.Model-1 uses the most precise U-Pb ages as the best ages.Model-2 uses the~(206)Pb/~(238)U age as the best age if it is less than a1000 Ma cutoff,otherwise it uses the~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb age as the best age.A correlation analysis between the Model-1 and Model-2 ages indicates nearly identical distributions for both models.However,after applying acceptance criteria to include only the most precise analyses with minimal discordance,a histogram of the rejected samples shows excessive rejection of the Model-2 analyses around the1000 Ma cutoff point.Because of the excessive rejection rate for Model-2,we select Model-1 as the preferred model.After eliminating all rejected samples,the remaining analyses use only Model-1 ages for five rock-type subsets of the database:igneous,meta-igneous,sedimentary,meta-sedimentary,and modern sediments.Next,time-series plots,cross-correlation analyses,and spectral analyses determine the degree of alignment among the time-series and their periodicity.For all rock types,the U-Pb age distributions are similar for ages older than 500 Ma,but align poorly for ages younger than 500 Ma.The similarities(500 Ma)and differences(500 Ma)highlight how reductionism from a detailed database enhances understanding of time-dependent sequences,such as erosion,detrital transport mechanisms,lithification,and metamorphism.Time-series analyses and spectral analyses of the age distributions predominantly indicate a synchronous period-tripling sequence of~91-Myr,~273-Myr,and~819-Myr among the various rock types.     

东天山斑岩铜矿资源潜力评价

在对东天山斑岩铜矿进行资源潜力评价的过程中,引进和吸收了国内外同行的研究成果,提出了成矿系列综合信息矿产资源潜力评价方法.该方法以成矿系列理论、成矿动力学理论以及综合信息矿产资源评价理论为依托,充分利用地质、地球物理、地球化学、卫星遥感等多元数据,将成矿作用与特定的成矿地质环境联系起来,结合综合信息在区域空间上的展布特点,开展不同矿化类型的成矿信息提取,最后使用GIS背景下开发的矿产资源评价系统(MRAS)圈定成矿靶区,预测资源潜力.作者在东天山地区运用此方法对斑岩铜矿进行了示范性预测,野外验证结果显示,预测效果较好,说明该方法具有推广使用的价值.     

贺兰山孔兹岩系的变质时代及其对华北克拉通西部陆块演化的制约

贺兰山孔兹岩系作为华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带的重要组成部分,其变质时代问题一直悬而未决.利用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年技术,对贺兰山孔兹岩系中3个代表性富铝片麻岩(石榴堇青钾长片麻岩、石榴堇青二长片麻岩与石榴黑云斜长片麻岩)样品进行了精确定年.发现这3种岩石虽处不同层位,但其碎屑锆石年龄却非常集中,各测点207Pb/206Pb年龄总体变化在2.0～2.1Ga之间,加权平均年龄则在2017～2040Ma之间.这些碎屑锆石都具有岩浆结构特征,反映当时曾存在大规模花岗质岩浆活动,所成岩体为孔兹岩系沉积提供了充足物源.另有少量大于2.5Ga的碎屑锆石(2520～2949Ma),表明本区存在太古代岩浆活动记录.本区石榴堇青二长片麻岩中发育典型的变质增生锆石,其成因很可能与黑云母的脱水熔融反应有关.利用该锆石确定贺兰山孔兹岩系的变质时代为1950±8Ma.该时代与东部大青山、乌拉山孔兹岩系变质时代相同,表明华北克拉通西部的阴山地块与鄂尔多斯地块大体是以平行的方式正面拼贴到一起的,形成了目前的孔兹岩带.