Two-dimensional power series solution for non-axisymmetrical transport in a radially convergent tracer test with scale-dependent dispersion

It has been known for many years that dispersivity increases with solute travel distance in a subsurface environment. The increase of dispersivity with solute travel distance results from the significant variation of hydraulic properties of heterogeneous media and was identified in the literature as scale-dependent dispersion. This study presents an analytical solution for describing two-dimensional non-axisymmetrical solute transport in a radially convergent flow tracer test with scale-dependent dispersion. The power series technique coupling with the Laplace and finite Fourier cosine transform has been applied to yield the analytical solution to the two-dimensional, scale-dependent advection–dispersion equation in cylindrical coordinates with variable-dependent coefficients. Comparison between the breakthrough curves of the power series solution and the numerical solutions shows excellent agreement at different observation points and for various ranges of scale-related transport parameters of interest. The developed power series solution facilitates fast prediction of the breakthrough curves at any observation point.     

Analysis on the noises from continuously monitoring GPS sites

In this paper,we analyze the time series of site coordinates of 27 continuously monitoring GPS sites covered bythe Crustal Movement Observation Network of China over the whole country.The data are obtained in the periodfrom the beginning of the observation to the November of 2005.On the basis of data processing,we analyze thepower spectrum density of coordinate component noise at each site and calculate the spectral indexes manifestingthe noise property of each component.The spectral indexes indicate that for most sites,the noise of time series ofeach coordinate component can be addressed by the model of white noise flicker noise;and for a small amountof sites,it can be described by the model of white noise flicker noise random walk noise.We also quantita-tively estimate each noise component in the model by using the criterion of maximum likelihood estimation.Theresult shows that the white noise in the time series of GPS site coordinates does not constitute the main part ofnoise.Therefore,the error estimation of site movement parameters is usually too small,or too optimistic if weconsider the white noise only.Correspondingly,if this factor is not fully considered in explaining these movementparameters,it might mislead the readers.     

Thermal evolution of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, southwestern Japan: Tectonic and numerical modeling

Abstract The Ryoke metamorphic belt of southwestern Japan is composed of Cretaceous Ryoke granitoids and associated metamorphic rocks of low-pressure facies series. The Ryoke granitoids are divided into sheet-like bodies (e.g. Gamano granodiorite) and stock-like bodies. The Gamano granodiorite intruded concordantly into the high-grade metamorphic rocks without development of a contact metamorphic aureole, and the intrusion ages of the granodiorite are similar to the ages of thermal peak of the low pressure (low-P) metamorphism. It is suggested that the low-P Ryoke metamorphism resulted from the intrusion of the Gamano granodiorite. In this study, a simple 1-D numerical model of conductive heat transfer was used to evaluate the thermal effects of emplacement of the Gamano granodiorite. Calculated temperature-time ( T-t ) paths are characterized by a rapid increase of metamorphic temperature and a relatively short-lived period of high temperature. For example, the T-t path at the 15-km depth is characterized by a rapid average increase in temperature of 1.4 × 10-³°C/year and high temperatures for < ca 0.5 Ma. The calculated peak temperature for each depth is nearly equal to the petrologically estimated value for each correlated metamorphic zone. The results suggest that the magma-intrusion model is one possible thermal model for low-pressure facies series metamorphism.     

Controls on suspended‐sediment transfer at a high‐arctic glacier,determined from statistical modelling

Simple linear regression models have been widely employed in the analysis of suspended‐sediment concentration (SSC) time series from glacierized catchments, although they have many limitations. This paper builds regression models which address these shortcomings and permit inferences concerning the controls on suspended‐sediment transfer from a glacier at 78°N in the Svalvard archipelago. A bivariate regression model, deterministically predicting SSC from discharge alone, explained less than 15 per cent of the variance in SSC. A multivariate model, incorporating additional potentially explanatory variables, offered little improvement. Diurnal hysteresis in the data gives rise to quasi‐autocorrelation in the residual series from regression models. This was effectively removed by incorporating dummy diurnal variables into the multivariate model. The presence of a first‐order autoregressive, stochastic process gives rise to true autocorrelation in the residual series from regression models. This was accommodated by incorporating an ARIMA (1,0,0) term into a multivariate autoregression model. The model‐building process yielded a systematic progression in the explanation of variance in SSC, stripping away pattern in the autocorrelation function of the residual series; mean model error was reduced from 54 per cent to 6 per cent. The dependence of SSC on the magnitude of discharge is weak and highly variable, whereas the dependence of current SSC on recent values of SSC, revealed through the stochastic term, is an order of magnitude greater and relatively constant during the melt season. The dominant control on SSC throughout the melt season is therefore short‐term sediment availability. The simple and largely unchanging stochastic process generally responsible for generating the observed SSC series implies a simple and unchanging glacier drainage system. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于逆散射级数法的鬼波压制方法

鬼波问题是影响海上地震资料分辨率和保真度提高的最重要因素之一.详细论述了逆散射级数理论和逆散射级数法鬼波压制原理,说明了逆散射级数方法进行鬼波压制理论的完善性和对鬼波描述的精确性.实现了基于逆散射级数理论的鬼波压制方法,方法以波动方程和Lippmann-Schwinger方程为基础,在频率-波数-波数域内构造与鬼波相关的压制算子,在不需要对地下介质作任何假设条件下实现地震数据驱动鬼波压制,并通过改善消除鬼波的压制算子,提高算法的稳定性.资料处理试验与处理结果分析表明,基于逆散射级数鬼波压制方法能在实现鬼波压制的同时较好保留有效反射波的信息,从而补偿地震资料低频损失和提高地震数据的保真度.数据处理试验还表明,研究方法能对低信噪比的地震资料进行有效的鬼波压制处理.建立了基于逆散射级数鬼波压制处理流程.     

经验模态分解法在地震资料处理中的应用试验

通过对多种连续小波基的平稳序列时频分析,提出经验模态的非平稳序列的时频分析方法,并在地震资料处理解释应用中作探索性试验.试验结果表明：对地震记录道长为5 s和2 ms采样资料,经验模态分解后可获得6-7个固有模态函数单分量,分解的第一个分量C1（t）具有较宽的频率成分,可作为地震属性的主分量.     

矿产勘查的理论基础及其方法的发展现状

矿产勘查工作综合性很强,所需要应用的知识非常广泛,不仅涉及到基础地质、成矿理论、勘查技术手段等地质学科知识,还要综合运用数学、化学、计算机等新方法、新技术。从板块构造、成矿背景以及成矿系列、成矿系统等方面介绍了其地质基础,并阐述了所用到的新方法、新理论的发展现状。     

滑体段采用m法模型的抗滑桩计算方法

在目前的抗滑桩设计计算方法中,多将抗滑桩与滑体间的作用力简化为已知荷载,而忽略了该力与桩位移直接相关的特点。对目前的计算模型进行了改进,采用m法模型模拟桩前滑体对桩的抗力,并分别对桩在滑面以上、以下的部分建立计算方程,应用幂级数法解得其位移及内力的表达式,再利用桩的上、下段在滑面处的变形协调条件,求得该截面的弯矩和剪力,最终得到整个桩的变形和内力以及桩、土之间的作用力。最后,分别应用该方法和有限元法对一算例进行计算,其结果吻合很好,证明了该方法的正确性。     

One hundred years of hydrographic measurements in the Baltic Sea

The first measurements of salinity of the deep water in the open Baltic Sea were made in the last decades of the 1800s. At a Scandinavian science meeting in Copenhagen in 1892, Professor Otto Pettersson from Sweden suggested that regular measurements of hydrographic parameters should be carried out at some important deep stations in the Baltic Sea. His suggestion was adopted and since that time we have rather complete hydrographical data from the Bornholm Deep, the Gotland Deep, and the Landsort Deep and from some stations in the Gulf of Bothnia. The measurements were interrupted in the Baltic Proper during the two World Wars. At the beginning only salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured and one or two expeditions were carried out annually, mostly in summer. In the 1920s also alkalinity and pH were occasionally measured and total carbonate was calculated. A few nutrient measurements were also carried out. After World War II we find results from four or more expeditions every year and intercalibration of methods was arranged. Results of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen measurements from the Bornholm Deep, the Gotland Deep, the Landsort Deep and salinity measurements from three stations in the Gulf of Bothnia, covering the whole 20th century are presented and discussed. The salinity distribution and the variations between oxygen and hydrogen sulphide periods in the deep water of the Gotland Deep and the Landsort Deep are demonstrated. Series of phosphate and nitrate distribution in the Gotland Deep are shown from the 1950s to the present and the effects of the stagnant conditions are briefly discussed. Two large inflows of highly saline water, the first during the First World War and the second in 1951, are demonstrated. The 20th century minimum salinity of the bottom water in the Baltic Proper in 1992 is discussed.     

广西沉积矿床成矿系列成矿模式及控矿因素

文章探讨了广西沉积矿床的成矿地质背景;划分了沉积矿床成矿系列;建立了海相沉积矿床和陆相沉积矿床两种成矿模式;新提出台沟相沉积和海沟相沉积矿床;呼吁重视对台沟相和海沟相沉积矿床的研究和找矿。