云南地区GPS基准站噪声模型分析

以云南地区陆态网27个全球定位系统(GPS)基准站在2011-2017年不同时间跨度的观测数据为例,使用赤池信息量和贝叶斯信息量估计准则(AIC/BIC)对解算结果进行分析,从而确定其最优有色噪声模型.结果表明,不同时间跨度基准站各坐标分量上噪声特性主要体现为白+闪烁噪声(WN+FN)、幂律噪声(PL)模型组合.部分基准站在北向和垂向的最优噪声模型会随着观测时间的累积而改变,PL模型所占比例有所下降,WN+FN模型所占比例有所上升.当时间跨度大于5 a时,基准站噪声模型的稳定性显著提高.随着坐标时间序列积累时长的增加,未知噪声分量出现的可能性也相应提高.     

HHT-EEMD用于IGS站高程时间序列分析

利用经验模态分解（EMD）和整体经验模态分解（EEMD）方法,将BJFS站2000~2015年高程时间序列进行分解,发现其不仅存在1 a、0.5 a、0.25 a、2个月、1个月以及长周期等周期项,还存在以往方法很难探测出来的近似2 a周期信号。与EMD分解结果对比,整体经验模态分解可以明显减弱模式混叠现象。对各分量进行Hilbert 变换（HHT）,得到时间-频率-能量的Hilbert 频谱图。结果表明,年周期和2 a周期变化是高程运动的主要贡献项。利用小波变换方法对比验证EEMD的分解结果表明,与小波分析相比,EEMD重构信号与高程序列差异的RMS更小,证明了HHT-EEMD方法在数据资料分析过程中的有效性。对环境负载及GRACE负载造成的测站位移进行功率谱分析得出,环境负载确实会造成IGS站高程时间序列的1 a、0.5 a以及季节性运动,GRACE负载还验证了2 a信号的存在。     

湘西地区晚震旦世黑色岩系地层层序、沉积环境与成因

在对湖南大庸、新晃、沅陵、溆浦和黔阳等地上震旦统—早寒武世初期露头层序地层学的研究表明,湘西地区上震旦统内部存在３个与视海平面变化相对应的超层序,其上限大致可以留茶坡组顶部区域性成磷事件的出现为标志。黑色岩系的形成是海平面上升的结果,尽管该岩系具有色深、层薄和富含有机质的共同特点,但不同层位黑色岩系的岩石化学成分和微量元素组成不同,因此具有不同的沉积环境和形成机制。经研究,晚震旦世金家洞组第二段和寒武纪初期黑色岩系的形成与海底火山和深大断裂的热泉喷流作用有关;而金家洞组第四段和留茶坡组下部黑色岩系的形成     

Role of sea surface temperature and rainfall in determining the stock and fishery of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris,Mollusca, Cephalopoda) in Tunisia

Octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Mollusca, Cephalopoda) is an important and valuable fishery resource on the eastern and southern coasts of Tunisia, but its landings are highly variable. This paper explores the effect of environment on octopus catch per unit effort (CPUE) during a 12‐year period, through correlation analyses and the incorporation into surplus production models of sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall data collected during cold (January–May) and hot (August–October) seasons. CLIMPROD software was used to select the appropriate model and fit it to the fishery and environment data. In both seasons, SST significantly contributed to CPUE variability; fishery production was influenced positively by cold season SST but negatively by hot season SST. Due to a poor fit with cold season data, the impact of rainfall was analysed only for the hot season, during which it has a positive effect on production. Results are discussed in view of the life‐cycle of octopus and the dynamics of the Tunisian fishery. This first study of octopus variability in Tunisia highlights the necessity to incorporate environmental influence into stock assessment and management advice.     

基于Mann-Kendall方法的胶东半岛海岸带归一化植被指数趋势分析

利用1998—2008年SPOT/VEGETATION逐旬共372期归一化植被指数时间序列影像数据,引入Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法,分析了胶东半岛最近10 a来的归一化植被指数变化趋势。结果表明,最近10 a来,胶东半岛归一化植被指数变化趋势以衰减区域居主导地位,其中有明显衰减变化趋势的区域占半岛总面积的19.3%,有明显增强变化趋势的区域仅占半岛总面积的2.8%。归一化植被指数衰减区域在空间上沿海岸线呈环状分布,从沿海岸到远离海岸,归一化植被指数增强趋势逐渐明显,衰减最明显的区域大部分位于半岛沿海30 km以内,植被增强趋势最明显区域位于半岛中部山地及沿海防护林地区。人类活动及其空间分布是归一化植被指数变化的主要因素,其中沿海城市化、工业化和海岸湿地开发利用程度的提高导致归一化植被指数衰减,而山地植被保护和海岸防护林建设导致归一化植被指数增强。     

Dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics in the North Sea: A time series analysis (1995–2005)

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) dynamics in the North Sea was explored by means of long-term time series of nitrogen parameters from the Dutch national monitoring program. Generally, the data quality was good with little missing data points. Different imputation methods were used to verify the robustness of the patterns against these missing data. No long-term trends in DON concentrations were found over the sampling period (1995–2005). Inter-annual variability in the different time series showed both common and station-specific behavior. The stations could be divided into two regions, based on absolute concentrations and the dominant times scales of variability. Average DON concentrations were 11 μmol l⁻¹ in the coastal region and 5 μmol l⁻¹ in the open sea. Organic fractions of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) averaged 38 and 71% in the coastal zone and open sea, respectively, but increased over time due to decreasing dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations. In both regions intra-annual variability dominated over inter-annual variability, but DON variation in the open sea was markedly shifted towards shorter time scales relative to coastal stations. In the coastal zone a consistent seasonal DON cycle existed with high values in spring–summer and low values in autumn–winter. In the open sea seasonality was weak. A marked shift in the seasonality was found at the Dogger Bank, with DON accumulation towards summer and low values in winter prior to 1999, and accumulation in spring and decline throughout summer after 1999. This study clearly shows that DON is a dynamic actor in the North Sea and should be monitored systematically to enable us to understand fully the functioning of this ecosystem.     

基于时间序列遥感数据的嵯岗国家沙化土地封禁保护成效评估

2013年中国启动实施了内蒙古自治区新巴尔虎左旗嵯岗国家沙化土地封禁保护区试点。本研究利用2001-2017年生长季NDVI数据分析了嵯岗封禁保护区及周边区域植被长势时空演变特征,分析了多年的生长季降水量和历年旱情,之后利用植被降水利用效率和NDVI残差趋势分析对保护成效进行了评估。结果表明:(1)封禁项目实施之前,封禁区内外植被长势变化趋势基本一致,而在项目实施后的2016、2017年,封禁区内NDVI距平明显高于封禁区外;(2)降水为影响该区域植被长势的主导气候因素,在封禁实施后的2015-2017年该区域连续3 a干旱,极大地限制了区域植被生长;(3)封禁区内植被降水利用效率和NDVI残差均呈现明显的增加趋势,而封禁区外变化不明显,说明封禁提升了植被的自我修复能力;(4)嵯岗封禁保护区由3个地块组成,其中嵯岗林场封禁效果比牧场八队和牧场十一队明显。国家沙化土地封禁保护措施有效促进了植被自我修复,提高了沙漠生态系统应对气候变化的能力。     

基于位置大数据的国庆假期青藏高原人群分布时空变化模式挖掘

人类活动是引起青藏高原生态环境发生改变的重要因素。很多学者对青藏高原史前人类活动和近几十年的人口分布格局与人口流动开展了大量研究,但有关人群时空分布的精细尺度研究相对缺乏。海量的位置大数据为认识高原人群短期的动态变化提供了新途径。本文利用手机定位数据、人口迁徙数据等高时空分辨率的位置大数据,通过时间序列分解方法和基于统计检验的异常判别方法,分析了2017年国庆期间青海与西藏的人群分布时空变化特征,并探讨了假期旅游行为及人口迁徙与变化特征之间的关系。研究结果显示：① 在省级和城市整体尺度上,定位请求量的假期变化在时间上呈现先降后升的“潮汐”变化模式;② 在精细网格尺度上,西宁和拉萨城市及周边地区的人群分布变化在空间上呈现中心跌、周边涨的“离心化”变化模式。国庆假期人们向城市周边热门景点移动聚集的旅游行为和城市之间的人口迁徙都是导致西宁和拉萨周边地区定位请求量上涨的重要潜在原因,而两座高原城市中心定位请求的下跌不仅与人口迁徙有关,还与假期人类日常行为及定位请求频次的变化等因素有关。通过位置大数据挖掘节庆假期人群分布的时空变化,不仅加深了对高原人口分布格局与流动变化的认识,也为高原城镇化与生态保护的精细化管理与决策提供支撑。     

Interaction of water waves with vertical cylinders using null-field integral equations

The scattering of water waves by bottom-mounted vertical circular cylinders is solved by using the null-field integral equations in conjunction with degenerate kernels and Fourier series to avoid calculating the Cauchy and Hadamard principal values. In the implementation, the null-field point can be exactly located on the real boundary owing to the introduction of degenerate kernels for fundamental solutions. An adaptive observer system of polar coordinates is considered to fully employ the properties of degenerate kernels. For the hypersingular equation, vector decomposition for the radial and tangential gradients is carefully considered. This method can be seen as a semi-analytical approach since errors attribute from the truncation of Fourier series. Neither hypersingularity in the Burton and Miller approach nor the CHIEF concept was required to deal with the problem of irregular frequencies. Five advantages of free of calculating principal value, well-posed algebraic system, convergence rate of exponential order, meshfree and elimination of boundary-layer effect, are achieved by using the present approach. Numerical results are given for the forces and free-surface elevation around the circular boundaries. Also, the near-trapped behavior arisen from the physical resonance is detected. A general-purpose program for water wave impinging several circular cylinders with arbitrary number, radii, and positions was developed. Several examples of water wave structure interaction by vertical circular cylinders were demonstrated to see the validity of the present formulation.     

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