近水平层状坝基岩体渗透结构及其工程意义

查明坝基岩体的渗透结构对于大坝工程防渗方案的制定具有重要意义。以黄河古贤水利枢纽工程近水平分布的红层坝基岩体为研究对象,使用“连续、高分辨率”压水试验数据处理与统计方法,分析了岩体透水率与高程、岩性及顺层剪切带的关系,阐明了坝基岩体的渗透结构,提出了工程防渗建议。研究发现,坝基岩体渗透结构表现出结构性和随机性双重特征。结构性表现为岩体透水率随高程的降低而减小;随机性表现为岩体透水率会因岩性和剪切构造等随机变化。对于河床及滩地坝基岩体,风化卸荷带底高程在450 m附近,1 Lu关键透水率指标界线的底高程位于340 m附近。对于岸坡坝基岩体,3 Lu关键透水率指标界线的底高程位于560～580 m。在坝基勘察深度范围内,350～360 m高程段连续分布具有一定厚度的软岩类岩体,剪切构造不发育且岩体透水微弱,可视为相对隔水层,对坝基防渗帷幕优化设计具有指示意义。文章提出的统计、分析方法具有一定普适性,可为类似工程所借鉴。     

Comparative study procedure for the safety evaluation of high arch dams

A set of factors for the safety evaluation of the dam heel crack and ultimate bearing capacity of high arch dams is presented: the curtain safety factor k₁, the structural mutation safety factor k₂, and the ultimate safety factor k₃. The factor k₁ reflects the curtain safety at the dam heel, k₂ describes the structural mutation stage for the adjustment of the multiple arch–cantilever system, and k₃ reflects the ultimate bearing capacity of the entire dam structure. A comparative study on the performance and ultimate bearing capacity of dams is performed to give a more reasonable evaluation criterion of safety factors.     

Rapid geometry analysis for earthquake-induced and rainfall-induced landslide dams in Taiwan

Stability analysis of the dam is important for disaster prevention and reduction. The dam＇s geometry plays an important role in understanding its stability. This study develops a rapid landslide dam geometry assessment method for both earthquake-induced and rainfall-induced landslide dams based on nine real cases collected in Chinese Taipei and 214 cases collected worldwide. For simplification purposes, a landslide dam is classified into triangular or trapezoidal. The rapid landslide dam geometry assessment method in this paper uses only satellite maps and the topographic maps to get landslide area, and then analyze the dam geometry. These maps are used to evaluate the area of the landslide and the slope of the river bed. Based on the evaluation information, the proposed method can calculate dam height, the length of the dam, and the angles of the dam in both upstream and downstream directions. These geometry parameters of a landslide dam provide important information for further dam stability analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to a real landslide dam case at Hsiaolin Village. The result shows that the proposed method can be used to assess the landslide dam geometry.     

Development of storage capacity and morphology of the Aswan High Dam Reservoir

ABSTRACT

A digital elevation model (DEM), as well as satellite images, was used to detect the changes in the morphology and storage capacity of the Aswan High Dam Reservoir (AHDR) over the past five decades. Study findings indicate that the total storage capacity of the AHDR estimated by the DEM decreased by 12%. This decrease is mainly in the live and the dead storage capacities. The morphology of the reservoir changed in the southern part and at the entrance of the lacustrine part. A gradual conversion of the entrance to the riverine part was observed. The surface area of the AHDR decreased at low water levels because of sedimentation. The average reduction of the surface area between water levels of 140 and 168 m a.s.l. is about 15%, which is equivalent to almost 10 km³.     

Self-organizing map for the detection of seasonal variations in Sidi Chahed Dam sediments (Northern Morocco)

ABSTRACT

A database of 88 superficial sediment samples, distributed in space and time, was collected from the Sidi Chahed Dam (northeast of Meknes city, Morocco) and from four other reference stations (in the same region) located in supposedly uncontaminated environments. Analyses were focused on the physico-chemical characteristics and concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd). The database was processed by advanced statistical analysis techniques. The method of classification by self-organizing maps (SOM) was used, permitting understanding and visualization of the spatial and temporal distribution of samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and SOM hierarchical classification (SOM-HC) were used to validate the classification and detect seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations. Dependencies between different metal tracers were considered and their spatio-temporal distribution is shown, together with the ranking of clusters, according to their pollution levels. Thus, autumn samples were the only ones with high concentrations of As, compared to the four reference stations. This is due to leaching of bare soil by the first stormy rains of autumn. In winter and spring samples, the concentrations of tracers Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr were relatively high compared to those of the reference stations. Summer sample concentrations were most comparable with the reference stations, probably due to the scarcity of rainfall and runoff in this season.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Associate editor E. Gargouri     

Effects of near-fault and far-fault ground motions on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams

As the forward directivity and fling effect characteristics of the near-fault ground motions, seismic response of structures in the near field of a rupturing fault can be significantly different from those observed in the far field. The unique characteristics of the near-fault ground motions can cause considerable damage during an earthquake. This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. For this purpose, 10 as-recorded earthquake records which display ground motions with an apparent velocity pulse are selected to represent the near-fault ground motion characteristics. The earthquake ground motions recorded at the same site from other events that the epicenter far away from the site are employed as the far-fault ground motions. The Koyna gravity dam, which is selected as a numerical application, is subjected to a set of as-recorded near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model including the strain hardening or softening behavior is employed in nonlinear analysis. Nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage analyses of the selected concrete dam subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. Both local and global damage indices are established as the response parameters. The results obtained from the analyses of the dam subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is seen from the analysis results that the near-fault ground motions, which have significant influence on the dynamic response of dam–reservoir–foundation systems, have the potential to cause more severe damage to the dam body than far-fault ground motions.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CLIMATOLOGY OF SNOWSTORMS IN THE DEEP SOUTH

Significant snowstorm events occurring during the winters from 1948/49 through 1989/90 are studied using a network of 100 weather stations across the southern states of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. To qualify for entry into the snowstorm inventory, at least 10 out of the 100 sites need a minimum of 25 mm (1 inch) of snowfall. A total of 69 events are identified and further categorized into four magnitudes based upon areal coverage or total snowfall amount. The storms are also classified into regional categories based upon the dominant part of the study area affected. The spatial characteristics of the snowstorms are discussed and illustrated with maps showing snowfall distributions for representative storms. Most events impact the northern portions of the study area although some very major storms fit into a Miscellaneous category with unique snowfall distributions in the southern or central parts of the Deep South. The temporal character of snowstorm frequency reveals that a very low number of events occurred during the 1950s with peak occurrence during the 1960s. Snowstorms generally remained more frequent during the 1970s and 1980s compared to the 1950s.     

Simulation of dam-break waves on movable beds using a multi-stage centered scheme

This paper presents the application of the multi-stage first-order centered scheme GMUSTA to solve a two-phase flow model with four equations for simulating dam-break floods without and with sediment transport.Computation of generalized Riemann invariants can be particularly complex and costly in simulating dam-break floods with sediment transport.GMUSTA numerical scheme,which does not require complete knowledge of the eigenstructure of the hyperbolic mathematical model,offers a suitable and attractive option.The quality of the dam-break flood simulations with GMUSTA scheme is verified by comparing the results against laboratory tests and some experimental data available in the literature,on fixed and mobile bed conditions,with different bed materials and flush or stepped bottoms.The numerical results reproduce quite well the experimental evidence,proving that the model is capable of predicting the temporal evolution of the free-surface and the bed.The GMUSTA scheme,which is not only simple to implement but also both accurate and computationally efficient,is proposed as an appropriate tool for integrating non-equilibrium sediment-transport models.     

SEFIDROOD RIVER SUB-WATERSHED-DAM-ESTUARY AND DEGRADATION MODEL： A HOLISTIC APPROACH IN IRAN

The major concern of this article is to address the shortcoming and outgoing effects of the human activities on the landscape patterns and their consequences in the Sefidrood River watershed in Iran. A flow of data includes three inputs; each of them belongs to one part of three zones of a fluvial system. The three parts of the Sefidrood River fluvial system include Zone 1, a sub-watershed as degradation modeling site, Zone 2, Sefidrood Dam asdam site, and Zone 3, 17kin away from the Sefidrood River path to the Caspian Sea as ending point site. The degra-dation model in the Zone 1 provides a suitable mean for decision support system to decrease the human impacts oneach small district. The maximum number for degradation coefficient belongs to the small district with the highest physiographic density, relatively cumulative activities, and a lower figure for the habitat vulnerability. The human degradation impact were not limited to the upstream. The investigation to the Sefidrood Dam and ending point of the Sefidrood River depicts that sedimentation continues as a significant visual impact in the Sefidrood Dam reservoir and the estuary.     

基于光谱特征的三峡坝区水色要素反演

基于野外测定的水质参数,通过研究三峡坝区水体中水色要素浓度与反射率之间的关系,选择反演叶绿素、悬浮物、溶解性有机物的最佳波段,建立了反演水色要素浓度的遥感定量模型。研究表明,在波段比值的基础上进行幂次修正的波段组合反射率与SS浓度相关性较好(R2=0.76),可以用来估算悬浮物浓度;悬浮物浓度影响叶绿素浓度的反演精度,通过在模型中增加一个红绿波段比值指数项的方法能够抑制或削弱悬浮物的影响,提高了叶绿素浓度的反演精度(R2=0.75);DOC反演模型中,绿光波段与红光波段反射率的对数值能较好的估算DOC浓度,且与log(DOC)相关程度最高,决定系数为0.85,反演精度较高。