西南某水电站坝肩抗力体长期稳定性分析

水电工程对坝肩抗力体长期稳定性要求极高,因此,对于复杂岩土体坝肩抗力体在水推力作用下的稳定性评价显得尤为重要。西南某水电工程坝肩岩体普遍发育有蚀变岩,因此需对其抗力体长期稳定性进行评价。根据考虑蚀变岩体流变特性的黏-弹-塑性本构模型,对水库蓄水运行期抗力体边坡应力、形变场等特征进行了三维数值模拟研究。研究表明,坝肩抗力体在蓄水6个月后三次应力场基本形成,即此时抗力体处于最危险状态,可能会出现蚀变岩带与断层交叉部位的局部破坏; 通过对蓄水5a后模拟得到的变形值及塑性区变化情况分析,得出坝肩抗力体整体上是长期稳定的。     

长江干流颗粒有机碳及其同位素组成的季节性输送特征

2007年夏季和冬季对长江干流悬浮物进行了季节性采样,系统分析了悬浮物颗粒有机碳含量及稳定碳同位素的组成,研究了其空间分布以及季节变化特征。结果显示,长江干流夏季颗粒有机碳含量在0．4％～1．3％,冬季含量在0．7%-2．2％。冬季和夏季颗粒有机碳平均δ^13C值分别为-24．74‰和～24．83‰,季节性差异不大,在...     

A two dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for dam break based on finite volume method with quadtree grid

This study aims to develop a robust, accurate and computationally efficient hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for dam break flows. The two dimensional shallow water equations are resolved based on the finite volume method with an unstructured quadtree mesh. The sediment transport and bed evolution modules are coupled with hydrodynamic module to predict simultaneously the hydrodynamics, sediment concentrations and morphological changes. The interface flux is computed by the HLL approximate Riemann solver with second order accuracy. The effects of pressure and gravity are included in source term in this model, which can simplify the computation and eliminate numerical imbalance between source and flux terms. For dam break flows occurring in complicated geometries, the quadtree rectangular mesh is used to refine the interesting area and important part. The model is first verified against results from laboratory experiments, existing numerical models and real life case. It is then used to simulate dam break flows over a mobile bed to investigate the bed evolution. The results are compared with experimental data and field data with good agreement. The method is simple, efficient, and conservative. It shows promise for handling hydrodynamic simulation and sediment transport for a wide range of dam break flows.     

Nutrient distribution and fluxes from three Mediterranean coastal rivers (NE Algeria) under large damming

Nutrient distribution and fluxes into and from dams and into coastal waters from three rivers (NE Algeria) were assessed during a one-year period in three stations for each river: at the entrance and the exit of dam and at the outlet. The main characteristics of the rivers were the high levels of NH₄ and PO₄, even in dam entrances, contrarily to SiO₄ levels that are still low upstream the dams. From the inorganic nutrient incoming fluxes, the dams trapped annually 42 to 93%, depending on the nutrient, but released in great levels dissolved organic forms at their exits. At catchment scale, dissolved nitrogen loadings reach 338 kg/km²/yr, in which the organic fraction forms up to 34%; while those of dissolved phosphorus reach 172 kg/km²/yr, with a great organic fraction. The Si:N ratios decreased while N:P ratios increased at river outlets, indicating large inputs of N over P in the lower catchments.     

An alternative mechanism for the earthquake-induced displacement of the Lower San Fernando Dam

The 1971 San Fernando earthquake led to the failure and large displacement of the Lower San Fernando Dam (LSFD) that was constructed by the hydraulic filling method. As such, hydraulic filling has been recognised as producing liquefiable sand deposits, while in situ relative densities as large as 60% have been reported in the LSFD. On the other hand, laboratory element tests on loosest pluviated (through air or water, resembling the soil fabric produced by hydraulic filling) specimens of primarily quartz sands have been dilative, questioning the failure mechanism of the LSFD. In this paper, the LSFD during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake is studied using the results of improved sliding block deformation analyses that incorporate shearing behaviour of two sands with different mineralogies (quartz sand and albite sand with some carbonates) from ring shear tests. The results indicate that sand particle composition and compressibility in the LSFD may have caused its failure and very large deformations even at a dense state (relative density ～60%).     

Compensation policy for displacement caused by dam construction in China: An institutional analysis

Large scale hydro projects have displaced millions of people in China, and many more large scale projects are expected in future years. Compensation policy for relocated people has evolved over time. We identify distinguishing features in four historical epochs between 1949 and the present, and conducted an institutional analysis of Chinese compensation policy applied to hydro projects based on a multi-dimensional conception of wealth. Transitions between epochs are linked to accountability crises, and adaptive policy responses are seen as strategies to maintain legitimacy and stability. Our analysis demonstrates linkages among state, market, and civil society in compensation policy and in Chinese governance, more broadly.     

Changes to dam safety management in British Columbia triggered by failure of a small earth dam

The Testalinden earth dam in southern British Columbia failed in June 2010 and created a huge debris flow. Homes were destroyed and property was damaged. The failure of this small dam resulted in a comprehensive review of over 1000 dams in the province, evaluation of dam safety management practices, changes to the Water Act and improvements in how data on dams are collected, archived and communicated. The provincial dam inventory was re-evaluated to ensure that appropriate consequence classification, and therefore attention, is assigned to dams. Increased scrutiny was placed on dam owners to ensure they complied with dam safety policies and to ensure they submitted annual inspection reports and formal dam safety reviews in a timely manner. Dam owners and professionals engaged in dam safety activities have received new guidelines and better education and training.     

IMPACT EVALUATION OF HAIZUKA DAM ON ITS UP STREAM： A CASE STUDY IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Japan ranks fifth in the world for the number of large dams. Environmental impacts of large dams are known, such as enormous losses of water or disruption of fish spawning, however, impacts of the dams on their up streams are functions of topography of the up stream. Haizuka Dam is located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan and its implementation will start in 2006. This large dam influences its up stream through dam making activities, which occurs in order and with different spatial presences that were categorized into chronological and spatial impacts. In this case study, spatial impacts were further divided into horizontal and vertical ones. The horizontal impacts were identified as new roads, diversion tunnel, dam lake, and submerged cultivated land, while vertical impacts were recognized as submerged historical monuments, slope protections, dam body, and deforested area in the reservoir. There were convergences of spatial and temporal impacts, however, the extent of the impacts was limited to the lake boundary.     

三峡坝区强降水过程6～12小时综合预报方法

为了满足长江三峡水利枢纽施工需要,开展了三峡坝区降水预报研究。在对三峡坝区强降水过程进行仔细分析的基础上,得出了有关统计规律,应用日本数值降水预报产品、卫星云图、雷达回波资料及天气学经验,逐步形成了一套６￣１２小时强降水过程综合预报方法。１９９９年试用表明,该方法对三峡坝区的强降水过程预报具有一定的实用性。     

Hydrogeochemical modeling of the water seepages through Tannur Dam,southern Jordan

This paper reveals the geochemical processes of dissolution, precipitation and cation exchange that took place during water–rock interaction between water seepages through the Tannur Dam. The Schoeller diagram indicates that there are three major water types originating during water–rock interaction. The first water type is characterized by low salinity that ranges from 1,300 to 2,800 µs/cm, which represents the reservoir water and the water in the right side of the central gallery. The second water type is in the left side of the central gallery, which exhibits medium salinity that reaches about 4,400 µs/cm. The third water type is characterized by very high salinity that reaches a value of around 8,500 µs/cm and represents the water in the right existing adit. The increase of salinity can be explained due to the dissolution of carbonate and sulfate minerals that form the matrix of the foundation and the abutment rocks, and the dissolution of the grout curtain, which is composed of cement and bentonite. Hydrogeochemical modeling, using a computer code PHREEQC, was used to obtain the saturation indices of specific mineral phases, which might be related to interaction with water seepages, and to identify the chemical species of the dissolved ions. The thermodynamic calculations indicate that most of the water samples were undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite and halite, and were saturated and/or supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. Ca(HCO₃)₂ is the primary water type, as a result of dissolution of carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite prevailing at the dam site. However, cation-exchange processes are responsible for the formation of the Na₂SO₄ water type from the CaSO₄ type that formed due to the dissolution of gypsum.