中国的特种精密工程测量

介绍大坝变形观测、波带板激光准直系统等特种精密工程测量方法，在工程与工业建设、大型建构筑物变形观测及抗灾减灾等方面取得的成就和效益；阐述特种精密工程测量的成长道路，以及当前特种精密工程测量的热门话题与发展趋势。     

三峡水库运用后长江中下游造床流量变化及其影响因素

随着三峡水库的运用,其下游的造床流量发生变化,研究坝下游造床流量的变化特性及主要影响因素对河道的冲淤特性及河床演变机理研究有着重要意义。根据1981—2015年的资料,采用平滩水位法、马卡维耶夫法和流量保证率法计算三峡水库蓄水前后宜昌、枝城、沙市、监利、螺山、汉口、九江、大通各站的造床流量。结果表明:①马卡维耶夫法同时考虑了流量过程和输沙能力的影响,计算结果相对合理。②蓄水后各站造床流量减小3 000~6 000 m3/s,符合坝下游主要冲淤变形部位由平滩河槽调整为中枯水河槽的变化特性,反映了结果的合理性。具体来看,时间上,2009年以后造床流量的减小趋势更为明显;空间上,从绝对值来看,以监利站为转折点,从宜昌至大通呈先减小后增大的趋势。③造床流量对来水量和洪峰流量的响应较为敏感,与之呈正相关关系。     

长江口南汇边滩冲淤变化规律与机制

根据1842—2004年海图资料分析发现,南汇边滩存在近百年尺度的强烈冲刷—淤积旋回。长江主泓走南港或北港是造成冲刷期"北滩、东滩淤积,南滩、过渡带冲刷"或淤积期冲淤态势反相的主要原因;冲刷期内风暴强度和频数明显多于淤积期,造成冲刷期滩面叠置记忆的是暴风浪成因的"高滩冲刷、低滩淤积"的冲淤态势,而淤积期保存的是弱风浪成因的"高滩淤积、低滩冲刷"叠置增强的剖面特征。尽管三角洲整体冲淤态势的转变主要受流域来沙量的控制,但不同岸段受河口河势分水分沙作用、潮流和波浪等共同作用,明显存在此冲彼淤、冲淤动态调整等特征。已有的入海泥沙含量阈值研究以点代面或以局部代整体,这是造成阈值估算偏高的主要原因。2003年三峡水库开始蓄水后平均年输沙量154 Mt/a已低于低阈值184 Mt/a,但三角洲尚未如预测那样发生由净淤积向净侵蚀的转变。已有的河口水文观察资料显示,水体含沙量也未发生明显下降,这可能是潮控型三角洲潮流对泥沙在河口的再分配起主导作用,并可能由此延长三角洲冲淤转变对入海泥沙量减少的滞后。今后需进一步加强潮控型河口复杂过程的综合研究,提高对泥沙含量阈值估算和应对可能面临的海岸侵蚀及其相关的环境地质灾害的能力。     

某大型水电枢纽坝基埋藏型岩溶发育特征及深层承压水研究

作者在现场工程地质勘察、试验基础上,对我国西南某大型水电枢纽坝基所遇特殊的复杂埋藏型岩溶、承压水问题进行了研究,弄清了坝基岩溶、承压水形成条件及发育特性,对坝址选择及工程处理的决策具有重要意义。     

Mechanism of uplift deformation of the dam foundation of Jiangya Water Power Station, Hunan Province, P.R. China

Uplift deformation of Jiangya Dam in Loushui River, Hunan Province, P.R. China reached 28.4–32.6 mm in 2 years and 5 months (December 1998–April 2001), which is unusual for dams worldwide. A perfectly confined aquifer, Yuntaiguan hot water aquifer, in the Jiangya syncline is recharged at a remote wing and outflows in front of the dam in the reservoir which is 875 m lower than the recharge point. The rise of the reservoir water level increases the head in the aquifer. The uplift deformation of the dam foundation corresponds spatially with the outcrop of the top interface of the aquifer and shows a direct time response to the fluctuation of the reservoir water level, indicating that the fluctuation of the reservoir water level is the dominant influence on the deformation. Numerical simulation shows spatial and dynamic similarities to the monitoring data. Numerical simulation of the cyclic reservoir water level confirms that the uplift is due to elastic deformation.

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Resumen En la presa de Jiangya en el rio Loushui, Provincia de Hunan, R. P. De China, la deformación por levantamiento alcanzó 28.4–32.6 mm en dos años y cinco meses (Diciembre 1998–Abril 2001), lo cual no es común para las presas alrededor del mundo. El acuífero de Yuntaiguan, con agua caliente, es perfectamente confinado, y es recargado en un flanco lejano del sinclinal de Jiangya, descargando su flujo enfrente de la presa, dentro del embalse, sitio que está 875 m más bajo que el punto de recarga. El aumento en el nivel del embalse, incrementa la cabeza en el acuífero. La deformación por levantamiento en la cimentación de la presa tiene una correspondencia espacial con el afloramiento de la interfase superior del acuífero y muestra una respuesta directa en el tiempo con la fluctuación del nivel del agua en el embalse, indicando que la fluctuación del nivel del agua en el embalse es la influencia dominante sobre la deformación. La simulación numérica muestra similitudes espaciales y dinámicas con los datos de monitoreo. La simulación numérica del nivel de agua cíclico del embalse, confirma que el levantamiento se debe a deformación elástica.

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Résumé Pendant deux ans et cinq mois ( Décembre 1998–Avril 2001) les déplacements verticaux du barrage Jangya, situé sur la rivière Loushui, dans la province Hunan de la R.P. de Chine ont atteint des valeurs peu communes, de 28.4–32.6 mm. Laquifère thermal captive de Yuntaiguan est rechargé sur le flanc lointain du synclinal de Jiangya, où il est cantonné et se décharge dans le réservoir du barrage dont le niveau et avec 875 m au dessous du point de recharge. Le niveau piézometrique de laquifère est augmenté par la housse de niveau dans le réservoir. Les déplacements verticaux correspondent au laffleurement du toit de laquifère et présentent une réponse temporelle directe aux fluctuations de niveaux du réservoir, en indiquant que celles-ci ont une influence dominante sur les déplacements. Les simulations numériques montrent des similarités spatiales et dynamiques avec les données du système de surveillance. Les simulations numériques de variations cycliques des niveaux du réservoir ont confirmé que les déplacements verticaux sont engendrées par des déformations élastiques.

     

Distribution of diatom assemblages and their relationship to environmental variables in the surface sediments of three northern Egyptian lakes

Surficial sediments of three northern Egyptian lakes (Manzala, Burullus and Edku) show differences in diatom assemblages deposited in different sites of these lakes. A total of 172 species and varieties belonging to 58 genera were identified and counted from 62 samples. Of these, 163 diatom taxa were recorded from Manzala Lake sediments, 147 taxa were found in Burullus Lake sediments, and 117 taxa were identified in Edku Lake sediments. The considerable variation in the composition and distribution of the diatom assemblages among these lakes was mainly related to differences in the water quality, salinity, the concentration of nutrients and climatic changes. The planktonic diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana was dominant in the majority of the samples from Manzala Lake, but dominant in only a few samples from the middle parts of Burullus and Edku lakes. The non-planktonic epiphytic taxa Cocconeis placentula and Epithemia sorex were the subdominant species in the surface sediments, especially in shallow and marginal parts of the lakes. Multivariate statistical techniques (hierarchical ascending clustering and canonical correspondence analysis) were used to identify ecological groups of diatoms and to investigate which environmental variables were important in explaining the variation between these groups. Eight ecological groups containing distinctive diatom assemblages reflect current environmental conditions; especially saltwater intrusion in the north and nutrient-rich freshwater in the south.     

基于能量的鄱阳湖—长江相互作用表征指标研究

鄱阳湖与长江之间存在着复杂的相互作用关系,决定着江湖水沙交换,对整个区域的水资源、防洪、航运、生态环境等均具有重要影响。本文基于能量的观点,在从新的角度解释鄱阳湖和长江相互作用原理的基础上,构建了江湖相互作用的表征指标—能差F_e,对20世纪50年代以来江湖作用关系变化进行了研究。结果表明,自20世纪50年代以来,F_e值整体呈现增加趋势,说明长江作用减弱,鄱阳湖作用不断增强。三峡水库蓄水运用对江湖关系产生了重要影响,进一步削弱了长江作用。从年内变化来看,由于三峡水库的调节,枯水期长江作用略有增强,汛末长江作用减弱较大。江湖作用一定程度上影响着湖区旱涝灾害的产生,当五河来流较大且长江顶托作用明显时,易发生洪涝;当五河来流较小但又对长江有明显的补水作用时,易发生旱情,三峡水库蓄水使湖区9-10月更易发生干旱。     

基于广义加性模型估算1979-2014年三峡库区降水及其特征分析

高精度、长时间序列、空间连续的降水产品是气候分析、水文模拟等众多研究领域中的重要输入。近期欧洲研究人员融合了3种不同类型的降水数据：站点观测、遥感产品、再分析资料,制作了全球1979-2014年3小时一次0.25°空间分辨率的降水产品（Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation, MSWEP）,凭借高时空分辨率及其对多源信息的挖掘和融合,该产品一经发布即受到广泛关注。本文利用三峡库区及附近地区气象站点的降水资料对MSWEP月降水数据进行评估,采用广义加性模型算法（General Additive Model,GAM）融合站点降水空间插值结果和MSWEP产品,对三峡库区融合后降水进行分析。主要结论为：① 降水估算精度呈现冬春季偏高、夏秋季偏低的特征,MSWEP产品与站点插值方法具有互补性,前者对夏秋季降水估算精度更高,后者对冬春季降水估算精度更高;② GAM算法可以充分发挥站点插值和MSWEP数据各自的优势,提高区域降水估算精度,与融合前相比,均方根误差减少了17%~50%,相关系数r提高了10%~30%;③ 2003年库区蓄水前后降水变化的主要特征有：库区中部长江以南地区汛期降水（5-10月）下降,库区西部干季（1-4月,11-12月）降水增加,库区外围西北部（大巴山地区）汛期降水增加,降水空间格局异质性增加,干季降水占全年降水比例升高。     

Effect of Three Gorges Dam on Poyang Lake water level at daily scale based on machine learning

Lake water level is an essential indicator of environmental changes caused by natural and human factors. The water level of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China,has exhibited a dramatic variation for the past few years, especially after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). However, there is a lack of more accurate assessment of the effect of the TGD on the Poyang Lake water level(PLWL) at finer temporal scales(e.g., the daily scale). Here, we used three machine learning models, namely, an Artificial Neural Network(ANN), a Nonlinear Autoregressive model with eXogenous input(NARX), and a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU), to simulate the daily lake level during 2003–2016. We found that machine learning models with historical memory(i.e., the GRU model) are more suitable for simulating the PLWL under the influence of the TGD. The GRU-based results show that the lake level is significantly affected by the TGD regulation in the different operation stages and in different periods. Although the TGD has had a slight but not very significant impact on the yearly decline of the PLWL, the blocking or releasing of water at the TGD at certain moments has caused large changes in the lake level. This machine-learning-based study sheds light on the interactions between Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River regulated by the TGD.     

Gypsum-karst problems in constructing dams in the USA

Gypsum is a highly soluble rock and is dissolved readily to form caves, sinkholes, disappearing streams, and other karst features that typically are also present in limestones and dolomites. Gypsum karst is widespread in the USA and has caused problems at several sites where dams were built, or where dam construction was considered. Gypsum karst is present (at least locally) in most areas where gypsum crops out, or is less than 30–60 m below the land surface. These karst features can compromise on the ability of a dam to hold water in a reservoir, and can even cause collapse of a dam. Gypsum karst in the abutments or foundation of a dam can allow water to pass through, around, or under a dam, and solution channels can enlarge quickly, once water starts flowing through such a karst system. The common procedure for controlling gypsum karst beneath the dam is a deep cut-off trench, backfilled with impermeable material, or a close-spaced grout curtain that hopefully will fill all cavities. In Oklahoma, the proposed Upper Mangum Dam was abandoned before construction, because of extensive gypsum karst in the abutments and impoundment area. Catastrophic failure of the Quail Creek Dike in southwest Utah in 1989 was due to flow of water through an undetected karstified gypsum unit beneath the earth-fill embankment. The dike was rebuilt, at a cost of US $12 million, with construction of a cut-off trench 600 m long and 25 m deep. Other dams in the USA with severe gypsum-karst leakage problems in recent years are Horsetooth and Carter Lake Dams, in Colorado, and Anchor Dam, in Wyoming.