三峡坝区水体吸收系数的特征研究

利用2007年11月在三峡坝区现场实测的水色要素吸收系数数据,对总颗粒物、浮游植物、CDOM的吸收系数特征进行了分析和研究。结果表明,对于三峡坝区区域的水体:(1)总颗粒物吸收光谱分布与非藻类的吸收光谱相似;(2)非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数随波长的变化分布接近指数衰减规律,且不同波段的吸收系数之间存在一定的关系;(3)多项式关系能较好的表达浮游植物吸收系数与叶绿素a浓度之间的关系;(4)分段函数能很好的表达CDOM的吸收系数特性,对500nm以下光谱的吸收呈现负指数衰减的规律,不同采样点拟合精度R2接近1;501—700nm波段范围的光谱曲线采用多项式能进行很好的拟和,且拟合精度R2达到95%以上。     

Acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys along the Yangtze River

An acoustic Doppler current profiler is used to characterize the river velocity against the morphology of the Yangtze River from Chonqing to the sea. High flow velocities occur in the Three Gorges section and lower velocities in the middle and lower reaches of the river. This is largely due to the change in river pattern from a high gradient deeply-cut valley to a flat fluvial plain. Flow velocities fluctuate in the middle Yangtze due to the presence of meander bends of different length. There are numerous smaller velocity fluctuations in the lower Yangtze channel that reflect multichannel pattern with numerous sand bars and a river morphology affected by bedrock outcrops. Water depths of 40–100 m occur in the Three Gorges valley but decrease to 15–40 m in the middle and lower Yangtze. At the Gezhou Reservoir, 30 km downstream of the Three Gorges damsite velocity drops to low (< 1.0 m s^− 1) 20 km reach. A second low velocity (< 0.5 m s^− 1) zone, about 20 km in length, is located in the lower Yangtze near the coast probably due to the tidal influence. The results from this research will serve as a datum for evaluating changes to the river once the Three Gorges dam is completed in 2009.     

水坝工程建设与生态保护的利弊关系分析

针对当前世界范围内对水坝政策的转变,提出了水坝工程建设与生态环境资源保护的利弊关系概念并建立了指标体系,通过进行利弊关系分析来论证水坝工程建设的可行性。文中以某水坝为例作了利弊关系分析,得出了弊大于利的结论。     

Projected 21st century climate change on snow conditions over Shasta Dam watershed by means of dynamical downscaling

Snow is an important component of the Earth's climate system and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. It has been suggested that warmer temperatures may cause significant declines in snow water content and snow cover duration. In this study, snowfall and snowmelt were projected by means of a regional climate model that was coupled to a physically based snow model over Shasta Dam watershed to assess changes in snow water content and snow cover duration during the 21st century. This physically based snow model requires both physical data and future climate projections. These physical data include topography, soils, vegetation, and land use/land cover, which were collected from associated organizations. The future climate projections were dynamically downscaled by means of the regional climate model under 4 emission scenarios simulated by 2 general circulation models (fifth‐generation of the ECHAM general circulation model and the third‐generation atmospheric general circulation model). The downscaled future projections were bias corrected before projecting snowfall and snowmelt processes over Shasta Dam watershed during 2010–2099. This study's results agree with those of previous studies that projected snow water equivalent is decreasing by 50–80% whereas the fraction of precipitation falling as snowfall is decreasing by 15% to 20%. The obtained projection results show that future snow water content will change in both time and space. Furthermore, the results confirm that physical data such as topography, land cover, and atmospheric–hydrologic data are instrumental in the studies on the impact of climate change on the water resources of a region.     

利用温度全局优化法探测堤坝多重集中渗漏

利用地温探测堤坝工程中的多重集中渗漏通道位置是一种反问题,为取得全局最优解及突破现有方法的局限性,采用不同优化算法相互配合的温度全局最优化方法,以达到有效准确探测显著集中渗漏通道的位置。结合各算法优势及目标函数不连续性等特点,选用全局搜索(GS)、多初始点(MS)及遗传算法(GA)3种方法联合补充优化。首先利用GS搜索局部最优点; 然后结合目标函数不连续点及上述局部最优点,人工增加MS优化起始点进行多初始点优化; 最后依据上述局部解,利用GA混合算法优化,从而有效提高全局最优化的概率。根据堤坝工程集中渗漏通道低温补给的特点,对优化目标函数进行了具有特定物理意义的修正; 为减少每次迭代的优化参数,基于温度测试精度提出分步优化方法,根据温度或修正目标函数残差吸引盆特征确定某步优化的集中渗漏数量; 由修正残差与温度测量精度相对大小确定优化是否终止,对应修正残差最小的优化结果为集中渗漏通道位置的真实解。结合工程实例,计算了某水库左坝肩的多重集中渗漏通道位置,分步优化了两个主要的集中渗漏位置,直接法优化3个集中渗漏位置。文献及工程实践证明了该法的正确性及有效性,为了堤坝等水利工程岩土体的集中渗漏整治提供了科学依据。     

Land use and land cover classification over a large area in Iran based on single date analysis of satellite imagery

Accelerated soil erosion, high sediment yields, floods and debris flow are serious problems in many areas of Iran, and in particular in the Golestan dam watershed, which is the area that was investigated in this study. Accurate land use and land cover (LULC) maps can be effective tools to help soil erosion control efforts. The principal objective of this research was to propose a new protocol for LULC classification for large areas based on readily available ancillary information and analysis of three single date Landsat ETM+ images, and to demonstrate that successful mapping depends on more than just analysis of reflectance values. In this research, it was found that incorporating climatic and topographic conditions helped delineate what was otherwise overlapping information. This study determined that a late summer Landsat ETM+ image yields the best results with an overall accuracy of 95%, while a spring image yields the poorest accuracy (82%). A summer image yields an intermediate accuracy of 92%. In future studies where funding is limited to obtaining one image, late summer images would be most suitable for LULC mapping. The analysis as presented in this paper could also be done with satellite images taken at different times of the season. It may be, particularly for other climatic zones, that there is a better time of season for image acquisition that would present more information.     

三峡大坝—葛洲坝河段水沙变化及冲淤特性

掌握三峡和葛洲坝枢纽间河段水沙及冲淤特性的变化规律,是河段诸多工程问题研究的前提。对大量水沙地形资料进行分析,探讨泥沙起动理论在冲刷预测中的应用。长江上游水库建设及两大枢纽相继运行,河段年径流量微减,月均流量发生"削峰填谷"重分配,年输沙量大幅降低,河段水沙关系显著改变;河段累积冲淤量受极端水文条件和枢纽调度的短期和长期控制,时间上具有明显阶段性特征,空间上则表现为部分子河段的活跃性;床沙组成随枢纽运行先后发生细化和粗化;基于沙玉清起动流速公式绘制了起动临界条件曲线图,通过推算断面最大可动床沙粒径或临界流量,可为河床冲刷可能性的预判提供参考。     

Limited vision: A personal experience of mining geology and scientific mineral exploration

Vision is concerned with making observations: quantitative observations such as measurements, and observations of form and pattern. Vision is perception: an awareness of the significance of observations and insight or intuition. We live and work with limited vision.     

Landform classification from a digital elevation model and satellite imagery

The Iranian Soil and Water Research Institute has been involved in mapping the soils of Iran and classifying landforms for the last 60 years. However, the accuracy of traditional landform maps is very low (about 55%). To date, aerial photographs and topographic maps have been used for landform classification studies. The principal objective of this research is to propose a quantitative approach for landform classification based on a 10-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and some use of an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image. In order to extract and identify the various landforms, slope, elevation range, and stream network pattern were used as basic identifying parameters. These are extractable from a DEM. Further, ASTER images were required to identify the general outline shape of a landform type and the presence or absence of gravel. This study encompassed a relatively large watershed of 451 183 ha with a total elevation difference of 2445 m and a variety of landforms from flat River Alluvial Plains to steep mountains. Classification accuracy ranged from 91.8 to 99.6% with an average of 96.7% based upon extensive ground-truthing. Since similar digital and ASTER image information is available for Iran, an accurate landform map can now be produced for the whole country. The main advantages of this approach are accuracy, lower demands on time and funds for field work and ready availability of required data for many regions of the world.     

Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Over the past decades, > 50,000 dams and reforestation on the Yangtze River (Changjiang) have had little impact on water discharge but have drastically altered annual and particularly seasonal sediment discharge. Before impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in June 2003, annual sediment discharge had decreased by 60%, and the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves in the upper reaches at Yichang station had shifted from clockwise to counterclockwise. In addition, the river channel in middle-lower reaches had changed from depositional to erosional in 2002.During the four years (2003–2006) after TGD impoundment, ~ 60% of sediment entering the Three Gorges Reservoir was trapped, primarily during the high-discharge months (June–September). Although periodic sediment deposition continues downstream of the TGD, during most months substantial erosion has occurred, supplying ~ 70 million tons per year (Mt/y) of channel-derived sediment to the lower reaches of the river. If sand extraction (~ 40 Mt/y) is taken into consideration, the river channel loses a total of 110 Mt/y. During the extreme drought year 2006, sediment discharge in the upper reaches drastically decreased to 9 Mt (only 2% of its 1950–1960s level) because of decreased water discharge and TGD trapping. In addition, Dongting Lake in the middle reaches, for the first time, changed from trapping net sediment from the mainstem to supplying 14 Mt net sediment to the mainstem. Severe channel erosion and drastic sediment decline have put considerable pressure on the Yangtze coastal areas and East China Sea.