Bedload transport in two gravel-bedded streams

Bedload transport measurements in two upland streams are considered as a function of the excess stream power exerted on the bed by the flow. During low flows when the framework gravels remain undisturbed, fine sediments are winnowed from the bed-surface layer once a threshold of 3·4 W m^?2 is exceeded and the transport rate is strongly supply limited. However for stream powers in excess of 15 W m^?2 framework gravels are mobilized and the efficiency of the transport process approaches a local maximum of about 1 per cent for discharges up to 2/3 of bankfull. An inverse depth dependence in the efficiency of the transport process was noted but although bedload calibre increased as a function of discharge its influence on efficiency could not be demonstrated. However it was suspected that the size-sorting relationships of the bed-material in a number of rivers in relation to the transport efficiency might profitably be examined further.     

The headward extent of fluvial landforms and associated vegetation on massanutten mountain,Virginia

Variation in fluvial landforms and associated vegetation in the headward (upstream) direction has received little study and the controlling factors are not well understood. The relations among channel gradient, basin area, stream order, and the headward extent of fluvial landforms and vegetation was studied in 18 small basins and larger nearby stream reaches in the Massanutten Mountain area, northern Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Low-order streams were traversed to their basin heads. Notice was made of the point or region of the disappearance of fluvial landforms. Indicator species were used to confirm landform identification. The studied landforms include the channel bar, channel shelf, floodplain, and terraces. Basin geomorphic characteristics were determined from topographic and geologic maps and ground surveys. Results suggest that gradient is the most important factor controlling the development of fluvial landforms. Floodplains have not developed along stream reaches where average channel gradients exceed 0.15. Channel shelves and associated vegetation occur farther upstream than floodplains.     

On the theory of the East African Low Level Jet Stream

Several theoretical models for the East African Low Level Jet Stream are described. They all share the notion that the northward advection of planetary vorticity across the equator, coupled with the presence of a north-south mountain barrier, leads to the formation of a low-level western boundary current (akin to the Gulf-Stream) along the equatorial east coast of Africa. They differ in the manner in which the planetary vorticity advection is balanced to obtain a quasi-steady state. A purely inertial model predicts the correct cross-stream scale of the jet, but does not reproduce the observed inner shear layer which reduces the jet velocity to zero inland near the highlands. The lateral friction model can produce a realistic jet profile if the horizontal eddy viscosity (appearing as a free parameter) is chosen appropriately. However this solution shows a recirculation, i.e., northerly flow, off the coast that has not yet been observed. Finally, a model that includes bottom friction over variable topography also can give realistic jet profiles. If one accepts that the mountains, the Beta effect, and some form of inertial or frictional acceleration act together to produce the cross-equatorial low level jet stream, then one can formulate the types of observations needed to distinguish between the various theories.     

湖北清江流域叹气沟河底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价

2006年4月至2007年3月.对清江流域上游一二级支流--叹气沟河的大型底柄动物群落结构进行了深入研究,并利用生物指数对河流水质进行了评价.结果表明,共采集到大型底栖动物82种,其中水生昆虫7目、27科、45属、70种.群落表现出明显的时空特点,具边缘效应的第2采样点物种最丰富,4月份物种最多,达61种;群落春季的多样性最高,依次为夏季、冬季、秋季;各微生境中共有种占据优势,物种相似性均大于60%;功能摄食群则以收集者占优,共计达55种.群落密度在4月份达到最大,为3293ind./m2;而生物量则在12月份达到最大.为163g/m2.采用Shannon多样性指散、生物指数和科级水平生物指数对叹气沟河水质评价的结果是该河流水质比较清洁.     

ERODIBILITY CRITERION FOR AUXILIARY SPILLWAYS OF DAMS

lINTRoDUCTIONDamshavebeendesignedtraditionallynottobeovertoppedduringprobablemaximumfloodevents.AccordingtoPowledgeet.aI.(l989),manytensofthousandsofdamshave,however,becomepotentiallysubjecttoovertoppingasaresuItofimprovementsinthequalityofflooddataandinthemethodsfordeterminingprobablemaximumfloodsforwhichitisnotpossiblenoreconomicallyfeasibletoconsidermodificationstopreventovertopping.SomedamshavemoreoverbeenobservedtohavewithstoodmoderateoveFtopping.Effortshaveasaresultbeenconcentrated…     

Speciation of aluminum in the stream waters from the Susquehanna River watershed, Chesapeake Bay

 The aim of this paper was to analyze the processing and transport of aluminum speciation through the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Chesapeake Bay landscape. Stream waters were sampled in 14 different streams from the Susquehanna River watershed to the upper reach of Chesapeake Bay. The basic water quality data were documented and Al speciation was evaluated by modified MINEQL computer model. It was found that the increase in acidity in some of the stream waters near New York were closely linked with a marked decline in basic cation concentrations. In these areas, the sum of the toxic forms of Al³⁺ plus AlOH²⁺ and Al(OH)₂ ⁺ concentrations exceeds the critical level of 5 μmol l^–1. A potential threat from aluminum may occur. Received: 3 January 2000 · Accepted: 21 March 2000     

A QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONAL STREAM TUBE MODEL FOR SIMULATING FLOW IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS

I. INTRODUCTIONIt is necessary, sometimes, to predict river bed deformahon during the alanning and design stages of a hydraulic project. As the nuvial process is quite complicated, the I --Dmathematical models currently in use can not satisfy the various needs in hydraulic engineering. Particularly in engineering practice, there is a strong desire of knowing the hydraulicconditions and river bed deformation in details. Some two dimensional models as well asqusi--two--dissensional models …     

Assessment of downstream trends in channel gradient, total and specific stream power: a GIS approach

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analyses of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) coupled with catchment area based discharge estimation techniques provide a relatively simple means of modelling contiguous downstream trends in channel gradient, total stream power, and in riverscapes conducive to regime analysis, also specific stream power. For a small, high relief, coastal catchment in SE Australia, good agreement was obtained between channel gradients derived from a 25 m cell-size DEM and field survey equivalents over distances of several kilometres, indicating that channel gradients derived from DEMs can have a reasonable degree of absolute as well as relative accuracy over multi-kilometre reach scales. Assessment of downstream rates of change in channel gradient and specific stream power across four river systems suggests that some of the river reaches most responsive to high magnitude floods occur in zones where these variables rapidly decrease downstream. Modelling of downstream trends in channel gradient, total and specific stream power from catchment-wide DEMs has potential to provide a framework with which to investigate conceptual and empirical models between channel gradient, stream power and the form and dynamics of river systems.     

Time-mean structure of secondary flows in open channel with longitudinal bedforms

Secondary motions are commonly present in open channel flows. This study aims to investigate, both experimentally and analytically, time-mean characteristics of cellular secondary flows generated by longitudinal bedforms. Experiments were conducted in a tilting, rectangular flume with six different longitudinal bedforms, including alternate bed strips with different roughness heights and bed ridges of wavy and rectangular shapes. Various flows were sampled using a two-dimensional laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) and a one-dimensional ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter (UDV). Experimental results demonstrate secondary flows appearing basically in cellular fashion over the modeled longitudinal bedforms. It is also shown that the cellular structures can be described analytically with kinematic considerations. The discrepancies between theoretical and measurement results are discussed. An empirical relationship between maximum vertical velocity and bed configuration is finally proposed based on the experimental data.     

Combining dissolved, suspended and bed load stream geochemistry to explore for volcanic massive sulfide deposits: Big Salmon Complex, northern British Columbia

Exploration successes for volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, such as Kudz Ze Kayah, Wolverine and Fyre Lake in the Yukon–Tanana Terrane and Slide Mountain Terrane (southern Yukon Territory) have spurred interest in the correlative rocks in the Big Salmon Complex in northern British Columbia. In an effort to further the utility of multi-media stream geochemistry in exploration frontiers that are forested, heavily drift covered, or buried, the primary streams of 19 watersheds from the East Teslin Lake (National Topographic System (NTS): 104N/9, 16) and Teh Creek areas (NTS: 104O/11, 12, 13, 14) of the Big Salmon Complex were analyzed for Cu, Pb, and Zn and other parameters in the dissolved load, suspended load and bed load. Traditionally, exploration based on stream geochemistry has employed the bed load and more recently the dissolved load chemistry, but almost never the suspended load despite strong differences in the geochemical signatures of the three media. Here, we document that copper, lead, and zinc partition into the dissolved, suspended, and bed loads differently and that the magnitude of anomalies is different for each media. The adsorbing capacity of the suspended load may make it a more sensitive indicator of mineral deposits on a regional basis than either the trace-element-poor dissolved load or the bulk-rock-diluted bed load which are likely better indicators of local mineralization. It is clear that each phase contributes unique information about the distribution of elements in the watershed that could be considered in exploration models.We also show that summing standardized element concentrations and summing the sums across media appears to be an effective method to reduce the data without loss of important information. We likewise investigated the utility of calculating major element normalized enrichments for exploration and find that it is a promising approach.