Vertical distribution of the dominant planktonic crustaceans in a mesotrophic reservoir, Xujiahe reservoir (central China)

The day and night vertical distributions of the dominant planktonic crustaceans in Xujiahe Reservoir were investigated on July 7, 1998. Sampling was carried out at Station D in the upstream region, Doupuohe, and Stations LI and LII in the downstream region, Lujiaodao. At Station D and Station LI, Leptodora kindti showed diel vertical migrations. In Daphnia galeata and Diaphanosoma dubia a limited reverse diel vertical migration was found at Station D, and large individuals tended to stay in lower layers during the day. Neutrodiaptomus incongruens seemed to avoid the water column of 0–6 m by day, but a detectable proportion of the population moved upwards at night. Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides showed a clearly defined diel vertical migration behavior at all three stations. The vertical distribution of Thermocyclops crassus was similar at different stations: in daylight hours it was found almost exclusively in the water column below 6 m and during the night a significant proportion of the population shifted upwards.     

THE SEDIMENTATION AND DREDGING OF GUANTING RESERVOIR

1 INTRODUCTION Guanting Reservoir is located on the Yongding River (a large tributary of the Haihe River) and at the border of Beijing Municipality and Hebei Province. The reservoir receives three tributaries: the Sanggan River with a drainage area of 25,840 km2, the Yanghe River with 16,170 km2, and the Guishui River with 852 km2. The drainage area above the reservoir is 43,402 km2. The reservoir has two arms. The Sanggan River and Yanghe River join the Yongding River at the ups…     

Effective typhoon characteristics and their effects on hourly reservoir inflow forecasting

This paper describes the identification of effective typhoon characteristics and the development of a new type of hourly reservoir inflow forecasting model with the effective typhoon characteristics. Firstly, a comparison of support vector machines (SVMs), which is a novel kind of neural networks (NNs), and back-propagation networks (BPNs) is made to select an appropriate NN-based model. The results show that SVM-based models are more appropriate than BPN-based models because of their higher accuracy and much higher efficiency. In addition, effective typhoon characteristics for improving forecasting performance are identified from all the collected typhoon information. Then the effective typhoon characteristics (the position of the typhoon and the distance between the typhoon center and the reservoir) are added to the proposed SVM-based models. Next, a performance comparison of models with and without effective typhoon characteristics is conducted to clearly highlight the effects of effective typhoon characteristics on hourly reservoir inflow forecasting. To reach a just conclusion, the performance is evaluated by cross validation, and the improvement in performance due to the addition of effective typhoon characteristics is tested by paired comparison t-tests at the 5% significance level. The results confirm that effective typhoon characteristics do improve the forecasting performance and the improvement increases with increasing lead-time, especially when the rainfall data are not available. For four- to six-hour ahead forecasts, the improvement due to the addition of effective typhoon characteristics increases from 3% to 18% and from 10% to 113% for Categories I (rainfall data are available) and II (rainfall data are not available), respectively. In conclusion, effective typhoon characteristics are recommended as key inputs for reservoir inflow forecasting during typhoons. The proposed SVM-based models with effective typhoon characteristics are expected to provide more accurate forecasts than BPN-based models. The proposed modeling technique is also expected to be useful to support reservoir operation systems and other disaster warning systems.     

三峡库区经济发展评价

当前三峡库区经济发展存在主要产业经济效益低，国有产业亏损大，产业规模小，城镇经济中心作用弱等突出问题．库区开发必需是持久战和持续发展相结合，将库区基础设施建设放在重要地位，搞好资金、行业、所有制之间的优化组合，大力发展第三产业；要准备用几十年的艰苦奋斗，才能赶上全国平均水平．     

城区土地定级实践研究——以唐河县为例

以GIS为基础,利用“土地定级估价信息系统”,对城区土地定级的有关理论与方法及唐河县土地具体的分等定级等有关问题进行了研究。     

不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究

采用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估、地块调查等方法,研究了重庆市涪陵区珍溪镇3 个典型村样本农户的土地利用和土地投入的差异。共调查了227 户,2250 个地块。结果发现：① 除了6.17%的非农户土地撂荒、退耕或出租外,纯农户、一兼户、二兼户的土地利用类型均以集约为主。纯农户因年龄结构老龄化,劳动力供应不足,相对粗放的耕地面积为48.95%。一兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为71.08%。二兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为67.20%。② 土地投入有明显差异。纯农户每公顷农业劳动力投入少,劳动力老龄化;由于缺乏资金,农业机械及省工性投入少,多选择农家肥及磷肥、碳铵等价格较低的传统肥料。一兼户劳动力投入的数量与质量都最高,有长期投资农业的意愿与动力,农业机械投资量最大,保持了较高的农家肥施用量,且各种化肥配合施用,用量适中;二兼户每公顷农业劳动力投入大,以老人与妇女为主;由于收入高,农业机械及省工性投入比纯农户多,首选价格高、省劳力的化肥。非农户无土地投入。`     

三峡库区规模农地时空变化特征及其驱动机制

探讨库区农地利用的转型及其机制,可反映中西部结合带、山区、库区的农村变化和人与环境关系的变化,为典型山区的农业多功能转型发展方向提供科学依据。选取三峡库区腹地5个区县为研究区,通过定义“规模农地”相关概念,利用ArcGIS 10.2软件并结合SPSS、地理空间探测器等技术手段对规模农地的变化与机制进行分析。研究发现：规模农地的转移来源主要由耕地和灌木林地组成,除部分高山反季节蔬菜,规模农地的增长一般发生在低海拔地区,且在坡度30°范围内均有分布;不同类型的规模农地空间变化有所不同,但均与道路和乡镇级行政中心的关系明显。斑块水平上,高程、坡度等自然因素对规模农地的贡献相对较大;乡镇水平上以道路交通、农业人口密度等社会经济与人文因素驱动力为主;区域水平上,各区县的驱动因子影响力较研究区整体尺度更为显著。规模农地的变化与发展受多种因素驱动,但农业政策始终是各驱动因素的主导,不同水平的行为主体会促使规模农地发展趋向不同的方向,但原则上均受国家农业发展现状与政府政策导向影响。     

重庆三峡库区水环境研究

重庆三峡库区水环境质量好坏直接关系三峡库区乃至长江流域经济社会和环境的可持续发展,也是三峡水利枢纽工程是否成功的重要标志。目前,重庆三峡库区水质总体保持Ⅱ~Ⅲ类水质,无明显恶化趋势,但随着三峡水利枢纽工程建成蓄水,水环境形势将十分严峻。在深入剖析水环境存在的主要问题以及形成原因的基础上,指出工业污水、固体废物、生活垃圾、农业非点源污染是造成近年来水环境污染加重的主要原因,最后提出了可持续水环境保护的对策。     

柴达木盆地西部鄂博梁Ⅱ号构造深层卤水储层特征与锂硼资源富集成因

鄂博梁Ⅱ号构造是柴达木盆地西部鄂博梁Ⅰ-Ⅲ号褶皱带中的一个局部构造,在古新世—上新世以来主要为河流泛滥平原相、滨浅湖相和深湖相构造环境,在“高山深盆”的构造环境下,接受了大量造山带物源碎屑补给并赋存卤水矿床。通过对钻孔岩性、孔隙度、给水度、地球物理测井等数据进行分析,总结下油砂山组下部和干柴沟组地层是区内相对较好的深层卤水赋存层位,可作为深层卤水的重点探矿层位进一步勘查。同时,鄂博梁Ⅱ号构造钻孔深层卤水化学组成及特征系数分析结果显示,该水体为低矿化度(平均值为73.00 g/L)、Na⁺、Cl-为主的卤水,其中Li、B等元素含量达到边界品位以上,Br、I元素含量也达到或接近综合利用标准,具有较好的深层卤水找矿前景;卤水的成因为柴达木盆地周缘中新生代以来深部火山热泉补给、造山带火山岩物质风化和溶滤盐岩富集成矿。     

测井资料在碳酸盐岩储层评价中的应用

以塔河油田碳酸盐岩储集层基本特征为依据，利用常规和能谱测井资料信息比值法和重叠法等技术．致力于储集层缝、孔、洞测井响应特征敏感性评价研究，从中提取8项储层敏感性参数，并对其进行综合评判，确定出划分储层类别的标准，经过50口井的测试资料验证，采用多参数综合评判来划分储层类别是可行的，对储层的评价效果较好，使常规测井资料得到了更深入、广泛的应用。