Influence functions for stress and displacement discontinuity elements in an anisotropic medium

Influence functions, that permit us to determine stresses and displacements at an arbitrary point in an infinite, homogeneous, linear elastic, anisotropic medium due to different three-dimensional (3-D) stress or displacement discontinuities distributed on infinite, flat, band-type elements, are presented. Any straight-line segment on the band, which is perpendicular to its infinite side, has the same distribution of the discontinuities. Along with the functions, their Taylor series approximations are also provided. The last can be useful to analyse stresses and displacements at points distant from the elements. The functions allow us to avoid procedures of numerical integration in the Indirect Boundary Element Method and/or the Displacement Discontinuity Method computer codes that are able to solve complete plane-strain problems with 3-D boundary conditions for an elastic, anisotropic medium. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ulrich造影剂注射器在64排螺旋CT检查中的应用

目的Ulrich造影剂注射器的应用,改变了以往注射器抽吸与推注药液的概念,它以方便简捷的操作,准确合理的造影剂剂量,充分的配合发挥了64排螺旋CT高速、高效安全的检查过程。方法美国GELightspeedVCT64排螺旋CT机,德国UlrichMissouri(XD2001)造影剂注射器,对2005年10月至2006年2月间的577例受检者选择外周静脉注射一定剂量造影剂及生理盐水进行CT增强扫描。结果在预设注射剂量及速度进行增强扫描时,574例(99.48%)得到顺利检查及优质图像,3例(0.52%)检查过程中受其它因素影响造成检查暂停,经过临时处理后顺利完成检查。结论使用Ulrich造影剂注射器,操作方便,注射速度准确,造影剂用量少,减小了造影剂注射的风险,提高了影像质量,是64排螺旋CT的极佳搭配。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘延安地区中深层地热能特征研究

近年来水热型、浅层地热能发展产生的缺点问题日益突出,以取热不取水为原则,中深层U型水平对接换热技术成为新的技术方向。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘延安地区地层岩性、地温梯度特征、热储层特征等特征研究,分析了研究区中深层地热资源潜力,研究结果表明鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系马家沟组为良好的热传导型热储,深部地温梯度为3.05℃/100m。当马家沟组深度在3157m时,对应温度达到110.67℃。测井及注水试验结果表明,奥陶系马家沟组为极弱含水层,几乎没有流体,属于良好的干热岩型地热资源,具有较高的开采价值。充分确定了该区地热地质条件良好、地热资源潜力巨大。为合理、高效开发利用该区地热资源提供了科学依据,对进一步开发利用该区的地热能具有重要意义。     

The thermal history of the intergalactic medium

At redshifts z ≳2, most of the baryons reside in the smooth intergalactic medium which is responsible for the low column density Ly α forest. This photoheated gas follows a tight temperature–density relation which introduces a cut-off in the distribution of widths of the Ly α absorption lines ( b -parameters) as a function of column density. We have measured this cut-off in a sample of nine high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio quasar spectra and determined the thermal evolution of the intergalactic medium in the redshift range 2.0–4.5. At a redshift z ∼3, the temperature at the mean density shows a peak and the gas becomes nearly isothermal. We interpret this as evidence for the reionization of He  ii .     

横向各向同性介质紧致交错网格有限差分波场模拟(英文)

针对有限差分数值模拟的频散问题,本文将交错网格技术和紧致差分格式相结合,推导了横向各向同性介质一阶速度一应力波动方程的紧致交错网格差分格式;对比分析了紧致交错网格差分格式、交错网格差分格式以及紧致差分格式的截断误差主项,并利用Fourier误差分析方法分析了上述三种差分格式的近似精度;在此基础上,分别采用上述三种差分格式进行了波场数值模拟。结果表明,当差分方程阶数相同时,紧致交错网格差分格式截断误差最小,数值频散最弱,差分精度最高,证实了该方法的有效性。     

土体冻胀与地基梁相互作用的叠加法研究

根据随机介质的思想,土体冻胀引起的地表隆起近似为正态分布。以上海体育场穿越工程为研究背景,由叠加法基本原理,得出多管冻结冻胀叠加法表达式。将非均布的冻胀荷载简化成多段均布荷载,编制matlab程序求解冻土地基上的弹性地基梁方程,得到冻胀与地基梁（结构）相互作用的位移及接触压力,并用实测数据进行了验证。最后对冻胀与基础梁相互作用的影响因素进行计算分析,得出相互作用的冻胀量随地基梁刚度与外荷载增加而减小、随地基弹性接触系数与自由冻胀量增加而增加。     

Ensemble prediction experiments using conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation

Two methods for initialization of ensemble forecasts are compared, namely, singular vector (SV) and conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP). The comparison is done for forecast lengths of up to 10 days with a three-level quasi-geostrophic (QG) atmospheric model in a perfect model scenario. Ten cases are randomly selected from 1982/1983 winter to 1993/1994 winter (from December to the following February). Anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) is adopted as a tool to measure the quality of the predicted ensembles on the Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa geopotential height. The results show that the forecast quality of ensemble samples in which the first SV is replaced by CNOP is higher than that of samples composed of only SVs in the medium range, based on the occurrence of weather regime transitions in Northern Hemisphere after about four days. Besides, the reliability of ensemble forecasts is evaluated by the Rank Histograms. The above conclusions confirm and extend those reached earlier by the authors, which stated that the introduction of CNOP improves the forecast skill under the condition that the analysis error belongs to a kind of fast-growing error by using a barotropic QG model. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-230), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40675030, 40633016)     

Electrokinetic effect in the near-surface layers of the Earth

The electric field in the near-surface layers of a spherically symmetrical Earth was calculated. This electric field is generated by electrokinetic processes in a water-saturated porous medium deformed by lunisolar tides. An exact analytical solution of the Frenkel’ equations describing electrokinetic phenomena is found. Data of observations of the horizontal components of the electric field are processed. The main harmonics of diurnal and semidiurnal tides are identified in accordance with the theory.     

关于两相饱和介质中流相Green函数的解析解

自然界中许多动力学问题需要用两相饱和介质Green函数求得解答,本文在两相饱和介质位移场Green函数解答的基础上,求得的有关饱和流体孔隙压力,进、排流体流量等三个Green函数.从而使两相饱和介质涉及流体问题的Lamb方程能完整地使用.论文在推导过程中详细地阐述了流体三个Green函数的物理意义,并将所得结果与Chen（1994）的纯数学的结果作了对比.最后文章讨论了解析解的稳定性.     

A novel experimental procedure to investigate the biodegradation of NAPL under unsaturated conditions

Soils need to be thoroughly investigated regarding their potential for the natural attenuation of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Laboratory investigations truly representative of degradation processes in field conditions are difficult to implement for porous media partially saturated with water, NAPL and air. We propose an innovative protocol to investigate degradation processes under steady-state vadose zone conditions. Experiments are carried out in glass columns filled with a sand and, as bacteria source, a soil from a diesel-fuel-polluted site. Water and NAPL (n-hexadecane diluted in heptamethylnonane (HMN)) are added to the porous medium in a two-step procedure using ceramic membranes placed at the bottom of the column. This procedure results, for appropriate experimental conditions, in a uniform distribution of the two fluids (water and NAPL) throughout the column. In a biodegradation experiment non-biodegradable HMN is used to provide NAPL mass, while keeping biodegradable n-hexadecane small enough to monitor its rapid degradation. Biodegradation is followed as a function of time by measuring oxygen consumption, using a respirometer. Degradative activity is controlled by diffusive transfers in the porous network, of oxygen from the gas phase to the water phase and of n-hexadecane from the NAPL phase to the water phase.