Estimating the orientation error of the Dahan Downhole Accelerometer using the maximum cross-correlation coefficient between the observed and synthetic waves

A new algorithm to correct the orientation error of the accelerometerat the Dahan Downhole Array, Hualien, Taiwan is developed. This algorithmconsists of three stages: (1) rotating two horizontal ground motions on thefree surface to the SH-SVdirection and SH axis offers a reference direction.(2) computing the synthetic downhole SH waves at a downhole station and (3)searching a rotation angle for downhole observation that yields a best waveformmatch between the synthetic and observed downhole seismograms. At this point, the rotated angle corresponding to the best waveform match can be considered as the orientation error. We selected five earthquakes with good data qualityfor analysis. Results show that this algorithm gives a more stable estimationthan a conventional method because it allows the selection of data from a wider time window for analyses. The estimated orientation error of the accelerometers at the Dahan Downhole Array after the 1999 reinstallation are40°, 114° and 285° at depths of 50, 100 and 200 m, respectively.     

A hybrid indirect boundary element—discrete wave number method applied to simulate the seismic response of stratified alluvial valleys

A hybrid indirect boundary element – discrete wavenumber method is presented and applied to model the ground motion on stratified alluvial valleys under incident plane SH waves from an elastic half-space. The method is based on the single-layer integral representation for diffracted waves. Refracted waves in the horizontally stratified region can be expressed as a linear superposition of solutions for a set of discrete wavenumbers. These solutions are obtained in terms of the Thomson–Haskell propagators formalism. Boundary conditions of continuity of displacements and tractions along the common boundary between the half-space and the stratified region lead to a system of equations for the sources strengths and the coefficients of the plane wave expansion. Although the regions share the boundary, the discretization schemes are different for both sides: for the exterior region, it is based on the numerical and analytical integration of exact Green's functions for displacements and tractions whereas for the layered part, a collocation approach is used. In order to validate this approach results are compared for well-known cases studied in the literature. A homogeneous trapezoidal valley and a parabolic stratified valley were studied and excellent agreement with previous computations was found. An example is given for a stratified inclusion model of an alluvial deposit with an irregular interface with the half-space. Results are displayed in both frequency and time domains. These results show the significant influence of lateral heterogeneity and the emergence of locally generated surface waves in the seismic response of alluvial valleys.     

A Case Study of Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Signatures of Spatially Evolving Atmospheric Convection over the Western Atlantic Ocean

A case study of a particularly intense cold air outbreak over the northAtlantic Ocean extending from the northeast coast of the UnitedStates to the Gulf Stream is described. A RADARSAT satellite synthetic apertureradar (SAR) image of this outbreak dramatically illustrates the spatialevolution of convection. Nearly coincident images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very HighResolution Radiometer are used to compare many interesting features.In addition, National Weather Service rawinsonde data, National Data Buoy Center buoy data, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Coastal Mixing and Optics mooring data arepresented. We use these data to help describe the spatial evolution of the atmospheric boundary-layer processes involved in this outbreak.Rows of cellular convective clouds begin to appear some distance offshore and then slowly increase in horizontal diameter and wavelength in the downwind direction, with a subsequent jump in cloud diameter downwind of the Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW). The SAR image shows a similar evolution of sea-surface footprints of these boundary-layer features. This change in boundary-layer structure is attributed to corresponding changes in static stability. About 300 km south of the GSNW in the SAR image, an even larger jump in cell diameter appears and the cells becomenon-uniform with bright crescents and filled semi-circles on thedownwind sides of the cells. These are believed to be surface effectsof gust fronts induced by the mesoscale cellular convection and enhanced by the overall northwesterly flow.     

Research on anisotropic parameters by syn-thetic seismogram

Introduction The anisotropy of the Earth crust medium is a common phenomenon(Crampin,1984).More and more observation materials and study results have proved that on most of the Earth′s upper crust is spread fluid-filled cracks and microcracks,which are aligned according to the contempo-rary stress-field.Such distributions of aligned cracks show effectively anisotropy to seismic wave and the phenomenon is called extensive-dilatancy anisotropy(EDA)(Crampin et al,1984).At the same time,it is …     

High-T phase transition of synthetic ANaB(LiMg)CMg5Si8O22(OH)2 amphibole: an X-ray synchrotron powder diffraction and FTIR spectroscopic study

The synthetic amphibole Na_0.95(Li_0.95Mg_1.05)Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ was studied in situ at high-T, using IR OH-stretching spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. At room-T the sample has P2₁ /m symmetry, as shown by the FTIR spectrum. It shows in the OH region two well-defined and intense absorptions at 3,748 and 3,712 cm⁻¹, respectively, and two minor bands at 3,667 and 3,687 cm⁻¹. The main bands are assigned to the two independent O–H groups in the primitive structure. The two minor bands evidencing the presence of small amount of vacant A-site (^A□_0.05). With increasing T, these bands shift continuously and merge into a unique absorption at high temperature. A change as a function of increasing T is revealed by the evolution of the refined unit-cell parameters, whose trend shows a transition to C2/m at about 320–330°C. The spontaneous scalar strain, fitted with a tricritical 2–6 Landau potential, gives a T _c of 325(10)°C (β parameter = 0.27). Comparison with the second-order P2₁ /m ⇔ C2/m phase transition at 255°C for synthetic amphibole ^ANa_0.8^B(Na_0.8Mg_1.2)^CMg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ indicates that the substitution of Na with Li at the B-sites strongly affects the thermodynamic character and the T _c of the phase transition. The comparison of LNMSH amphiboles with cummingtonitic ones shows that the high-T thermodynamic behaviour is affected by A-site occupancy.     

星载SAR对雨团催生海面风场的观测研究

雨团或对流雨是热带与亚热带地区的主要降雨形式,较易被高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）探测到。SAR图像上的雨团足印是由大气中雨滴的散射与吸收、下沉气流等共同导致形成的。本文以RADARSAT-2卫星100 m分辨率的SAR图像上雨团引起的海面风场及其结构反演与解译作为实例进行分析。使用CMOD4地球物理模式函数,分别以NCEP再分析数据、欧洲MetOp-A卫星先进散射计（ASCAT）和中国HY-2卫星微波散射计的风向为外部风向,进行了SAR图像的海面风场反演。反演的海面风速相对于NCEP、ASCAT和HY-2的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为1.48 m/s,1.64 m/s和2.14 m/s。SAR图像上一侧明亮另一侧昏暗的圆形信号图斑被解译为雨团携带的下沉气流对海面风场（海面粗糙度）的改变所致。平行于海面背景风场其通过雨团圆形足印中心的剖面上的风速变化可拟合为正弦或余弦曲线,其拟合线性相关系数均不低于0.80。背景风场的风速大小、雨团引起的风速大小以及雨团足印的直径可利用拟合曲线获得,雨团足印的直径大小一般为数千米或数十千米,本文的8例个例解译与分析均验证了该结论。     

二维地震勘探在新疆准东煤田梧桐窝子煤矿区煤层对比中的应用

通过人工合成地震记录,了解煤层反射波形成机理,在常规地震时间剖面中确定标准反射波,根据标准反射波连续性、时间间距、动力学特征,在新疆准东煤田梧桐窝子煤矿区煤层对比中取得了较好的应用效果,通过实践证明利用地震资料进行煤层对比方法是可行的,可以在复杂地区提高煤层对比的可靠性。     

三维并行合成震源记录叠前深度偏移

提出了一种基于波动理论的三维合成震源记录叠前深度偏移方法,该方法不含任何物理假设,利用波动方程算子的3个性质,合成炮震源及炮震源记录,将面炮记录合成与相位编码合成两种方法在理论上和计算上合二为一,成为一个统一的合成理论. 通过双重叠加把三维叠前五维数据转换为三维数据,既保证了成像质量同炮记录偏移成像一样精确,又显著地提高了计算效率,且适于复杂地质构造成像. 针对不同情况,给出了几种不同的合成算子,使方法在实际应用中有较大的灵活性和选择性. 基于MPI并行算法的实现,进一步提高了计算效率. SEG＼EAGE盐丘C3_NA数据模型上的试算结果和新疆三维起伏地表实际地震资料的处理结果进一步说明了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

基于GF-3的不同极化方式SAR图像海面油膜识别的比较 ——以"桑吉"轮事故为例

基于我国自主研发的首颗分辨率达到1m的C频段多极化合成孔径雷达高分三号卫星(GF-3),通过典型溢油案例定性和定量地比较了双极化与单极化图像预处理性能,分析了不同的极化组合对海面油膜识别结果的影响。得出结论:同向极化与异向极化成像差异明显,VV极化明显比VH极化回波强度高,并且油膜识别度较高;相反,双极化VHVV方式与单极化VH方式图像效果区别不大,双极化方式并不能绝对性地提高地物识别度。     

ERS-2 SAR反演海洋风矢量的研究

SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)反演海洋风矢量是当今微波遥感领域非常有意义的前沿课题. 本文首先介绍了星载SAR估算海面风向、风速的基本原理和三种主流反演算法,接着给出反演的流程图以及重要步骤. 然后,以2002年5月7日香港地区ERS-2 SAR海洋图像为例,对经典的SWDA (SAR Wind Direction Algorithm)－谱分析方法加以改进,求得具有180°模糊度的风向,并用香港天文台气象浮标实测数据消除了风向不确定性. 最后,利用CMOD4 GMF（Geophysical Model Function,地球物理模式函数）计算得到海面上10m高的风速. 与气象浮标站实测资料相比,利用ERS-2 SAR图像获取的海面风向、风速的精度均较高. 这一结果表明：如果对SAR预先进行ADC(Analog to Digital Converter)改正以及精确校准,结合改进的SWDA和CMOD4,可以获得高精度的风矢量.