Tutorial on the numerical modeling of edge diffracted waves by the ray method

Summary The concept of diffracted rays introduced by Keller (1962) opened the way for a ray approach in the numerical modeling of the diffraction phenomena frequently seen in the seismic field records. Unlike the computation of travel times, which has never caused any difficulties being governed by the same eikonal equation as are the rays of ordinary seismic body waves, the evaluation of the diffracted ray amplitude has been another story. In this paper we give a tutorial account of a highly promising technique for the computation of the ray amplitude of seismic waves diffracted by linear edges on seismic interfaces originally presented by Klem-Musatov (1980, 1995). We demonstrate the adequacy of this technique on a series of SH synthetic traces containing diffracted arrivals, some of them diffracted more than once. Our computer program is based on a successful combination of Klem-Musatov's approach with the zero order approximation of the Asymptotic Ray Theory (Červeny and Hron, 1980). We showed in the paper that both techniqúes are ideally suited for such a combination, since the ray amplitude evaluation in each of them is based on the same transport equation. In our tutorial review we present all formulae which are needed for a practical implementation of the method and provide their physical interpretation, wherver possible, by using the numerical examples presented in the paper.     

Cation partitioning versus temperature in spinel: optimization of site occupants

 Pavese et al. (1999) examined cation partitioning vs. temperature in a synthetic spinel of composition (Mg_0.70 Fe_0.23 ³⁺) Al_1.97 O₄ using structure data obtained from in situ neutron powder diffraction. After imposing assumptions on the site assignment of vacancies and Fe³⁺, they assigned the remaining cations by applying least-squares minimization to chemical constraints on site-occupancy sums, site-scattering, chemical composition, and thermal expansion of the octahedral site. Their proposed site assignments exhibit a sharp discontinuity in occupancy fractions versus temperature, a necessary consequence of their assumptions on vacancy assignments. In this paper we reexamine the cation partitioning of the same spinel using the constrained least-squares formulation of OccQP (Wright et al. 2000), which optimizes site occupancies without ad hoc assumptions. We obtain strikingly different results, supporting the general view that spinel undergoes a lambda transition at ∼1000 K. For all observed parameters, the residuals obtained with the OccQP assignments are lower than those obtained with the Pavese et al. assignments, in some cases by more than 1 order of magnitude. Received: 05 April 2000 / Accepted: 19 October 2000     

Regional characteristics of coda attenuation after the lancang-Gengma earthquake

In the light of the single scattering model of coda originating from local earthquakes, and based on the aftershock coda registered respectively at the 4 short period stations installed near the foci shortly after theM7.6 Lancang andM7.2 Gengma earthquakes, this paper has tentatively calculated the rate of amplitude attenuation and theQ _c-value of the coda in the Lancang and Gengma areas using a newly-founded synthetic determination method. Result of the study shows the rate of coda amplitude attenuation demonstrates remarkable regional differences respectively in the southern and northern areas. The southern area presents a faster attenuation (Q _c=114), whereas the northern area shows a slower attenuation (Q _c=231). The paper also discusses the reasons causing such differences. Result of the study also suggests a fairly good linear relation between the coda source factorA _o(f) and the seismic moment and the magnitude. Using the earthquake scaling law, the following formulas can be derived: lgM ₀=lgA ₀(f)+17.6,M _D=0.67lgA ₀(f)+1.21 and logM ₀=1.5M _D+15.79. In addition, the rates of amplitude attenuationβ _s andβ _m are respectively calculated using the single scattering and multiple scattering models, and the ratioβ _s/β_m=1.20−1.50 is found for the results respectively from the two models. Finally, the mean free pathL of the S-wave scattering in the southern and northern areas are determined to be 54 km and 122 km respectively by the relations which can distinguish between the inherentQ _i and scatteringQ _s, testify to this areas having lowQ-values correspond to stronger scatterings. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 71–82, 1992. This study is partly supported by the Seismological Science Foundation of the State Seismological Bureau of China, and the present English version of the paper is translated from its Chinese original by Wenyi Xia, Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province.     

地震转换波测深中二次反射波震相的识别和利用

二次反射波震相的识别和利用对于进一步发展地震转换波测深法有重要意义。本文利用合成地震图方法,分析研究了短周期远震三分量初始30秒记录中主要震相的运动学和动力学特征。文中集中分析了PPP和PPS型二次波震相的振幅、波形和到时差等特征,及其与震中距、界面两侧波速差、界面结构和介质吸收等因素的关系。讨论了综合利用PS波和二次波震相的到时差资料测定介质速度参数的方法,并介绍了应用实例。     

地震前兆资料的概率化及合成缺信量的研究

在对单项观测资料进行概率化的基础上，以唐山地区和乌鲁木齐地区为研究区，计算分析了多种前兆观测资料的合成缺信量，结果表明在强震和中强震发生前，合成缺信量的低值异常过程是比较明显的。进行这项研究对于综合识别多种前兆变化图象及在实际预报中的应用均有一定的意义。     

混合法计算GB体波理论地震图

高斯射线束（GB）方法是一种用于计算不均匀介质中波场的高频近似方法。本文在详细讨论了几种用高斯射线束叠加计算理论地震图的方法--频谱法、褶积法和波包法之后,提出了适用范围更广泛的混合方法（褶积-波包法）,并给出了一个便于数值计算的褶积公式。混合法在计算GB理论地震图时既用褶积法又用波包法,可以得到较高的计算速度与精度。最后,就二维情况分别用褶积法、波包法和混合法进行了一些实际计算和比较。     

合成孔径雷达对地观测应用中目标感兴趣区域的自动获取

在简要评述国内外对地观测应用中,利用SAR图像进行目标ROI的自动获取方面的研究成果及存在问题的基础上,提出了一种SAR图像目标ROI自动获取新方案,包括SAR图像自动目标检测方案和SAR图像自动目标鉴别方案并解决其中的关键技术。实测数据的实验结果证明了新方案具有稳健性强、适用性广、自动化程度高、计算量小、工程实现易等特点,说明了该方案对于空间对地观测具有广泛的应用前景。     

An Information fusion approach for PALSAR data to retrieve soil moisture

Estimation of vegetation covered soil moisture with satellite images is still a challenging task. Several models are available for soil moisture retrieval in which water cloud model (WCM) is most common. But, it requires an estimation of accurate vegetation parameterization. Thus, there is a need to develop such an approach for soil moisture retrieval which minimize these limitations. Therefore, this paper deals with the soil moisture retrieval using fully polarimetric SAR data by fusing the information from different bands. Various polarimetric indices and observables were critically analysed, and found that the index; SPAN (total scattered power) gives better information of vegetation cover as compared to other indices/observables. Based on this, WCM model has been modified using SPAN as parameter and soil moisture content were retrieved.     

Investigating the correlation between radar backscatter and in situ soil property measurements

Utilizing remote sensing techniques to extract soil properties can facilitate several engineering applications for large-scale monitoring and modeling purposes such as earthen levees monitoring, landslide mapping, and off-road mobility modeling. This study presents results of statistical analyses to investigate potential correlations between multiple polarization radar backscatter and various physical soil properties. The study was conducted on an approximately 3 km long section of earthen levees along the lower Mississippi river as part of the development of remote levee monitoring methods. Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imagery from UAVSAR was used along with an extensive set of in situ soil properties. The following properties were analyzed from the top 30–50 cm of soil: texture (sand and clay fraction), penetration resistance (sleeve friction and cone tip resistance), saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, and porosity. The results showed some correlation between the cross-polarized (HV) radar backscatter coefficients and most of these properties. A few soil properties, like clay fraction, showed similar but weaker correlations with the co-polarized channels (HH and VV). The correlations between the soil properties and radar backscatter were analyzed separately for the river side and land side of the levee. It was found that the magnitude and direction of the correlation for most of the soil properties noticeably differed between the river and the land sides. The findings of this study can be a good starting point for scattering modelers in a pursuit of better models for radar scattering at cross polarizations which would include more diverse set of soil parameters.     

Storms Generator Method That Preserves Their Historical Statistical Characteristics. Application To Mexico City Basin Daily Rainfall Fields

A first procedure to generate synthetic storms, which preserves the statistical characteristics of the historical daily precipitation events registered in 49 stations located within the basin of Mexico City is presented. This procedure (a variation of the Svanidze method) implicitly supposes that the correlation between the maximum rainfall and its spatial distribution is meaningless. However, the obtained results did not validate that hypothesis. For this reason a second procedure was developed, which allows to consider the correlation between maximum rainfall and spatial distribution. This second procedure allowed reproducing the statistical characteristics of the daily rainfall for each station and also its spatial distribution, as shown in this work.