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141.
In this paper, different methods for generating synthetic earthquakes are compared in terms of related non-linear seismic
response of ductile structures. The objective of the investigation is to formulate recommendations for the use of synthetic
earthquakes for reliable seismic analysis. The comparison is focused on the accuracy of the reproduction of the characteristics
of the structural non-linear response due to recorded earthquakes. First the investigations are carried out for non-linear
single-degree-of-freedom systems. Later, the results are validated for a set of realistic buildings modelled as multi-degree-of-freedom
systems. Various options of the classical stationary simulation procedure of SIMQKE and a non-stationary simulation procedure
proposed by Sabetta and Pugliese are examined and compared. The adopted methodology uses a set of recorded earthquakes as
a reference. Hundred synthetic accelerograms are generated for each examined simulation option with the condition that the
related elastic responses are similar to those of the reference set. The non-linear single-degree-of-freedom systems are defined
using six recognized hysteretic models and four levels of increasing non-linearity. The non-linear responses computed for
the reference set and the studied simulation options are then statistically compared in terms of displacement ductility and
energy. The results show that the implementation of the classical stationary procedure always leads to a significant underestimation
of the ductility demand and a significant overestimation of the energy demand. By contrast, non-stationary time histories
produce much better results. The results with the multi-degree-of-freedom systems are shown to confirm these conclusions. 相似文献
142.
Giancarlo Della Ventura Günther J. Redhammer Gianluca Iezzi Frank C. Hawthorne Arnaud Papin Jean-Louis Robert 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2005,32(2):103-113
A series of amphiboles along the magnesioriebeckite—Na2Mg3Fe3+ 2Si8O22(OH)2– ferri-clinoholmquistite—Li2Mg3Fe3+ 2Si8O22(OH)2 - join, defined by the BLiB Na–1 exchange vector, were hydrothermally synthesized at 700°C, 0.4 GPa, NNO + 1 redox conditions. Powder XRD and SEM-EDAX showed a very high (> 90%) amphibole yield for all samples. X-ray patterns were indexed in the C2/m space group; refined cell-parameters show a linear decrease of a and as a function of chemistry. IR spectra in the OH-stretching region show four main and rather sharp bands; these are assigned to Mg and Fe2+ at M(1,3), and indicate that the obtained amphiboles depart from the nominal octahedral composition (M1,3Mg3). The IR spectra also show that there is an increasing filling-up of the A-site for increasing Na in the system (increasing solid-solution toward, arfvedsonite). Mössbauer spectra show four well-defined quadrupole doublets which are assigned to Fe3+ at M2 and to Fe2+ at M1, M3 and M4, respectively. The Fe3+/Fe2+ content derived from fitted peak areas show variable Fe3+ concentration along the series. Mössbauer spectra also show a distinct alteration of 57Fe hyperfine parameters with changing Na–Li at M4. The most evident variation is observed for the quadrupole splitting of Fe3+ at M2, which increases by 50% from ferri-clinoholmquistite to magnesio-riebeckite; this suggest that the M2 octahedron in ferri-clinoholmquistite is much closer to the ideal geometry than the M2 octahedron in magnesio-riebeckite. Mössbauer spectra show also a well-defined increase in the Fe2+ quadrupole splitting of the M1 and M3 octahedra, which is attributed to the Na–Li distribution at the B-sites. 相似文献
143.
Huang Jiayou 《大气科学进展》2000,17(2):184-192
To reveal climatic variation over North China, the climatic jumps in summer in Beijing are analyzed using the data of precipitation of summer (June, July, August) during the period of 1841-1993, in which those missed before 1950 were reconstructed by the stepwise regression method with minimum forecast error. The climatic jumps at different scales are analyzed using different diagnostic methods with different decade (10-100 years) windows. Some new methods and ideas are proposed. The variance difference, the linear tendency difference, and the difference of power spectral distribution between the samples before and after the period at the moving point in the center of the series are compared with other methods (for example, Mann-Kendall test, t-test, and accumulative anomaly etc.). Considering the differences among the statistics above, a synthetic jump index is also proposed in order to get the definite jump points in the moving series. The results show that the climatic jumps in the area occurred in the 1890’s, the 1910s and the 1920s, and mostly in the 1920s, which suggests that the local climatic jumps in North China have a simultaneous response to the global warming in the hundred-year scales. 相似文献
144.
数值计算方法是考察非线性弹性波在介质中(如岩石)传播特征的重要手段.非线性弹性波的数值模拟存在陡峭间断面(点)、数值振荡以及误差的指数级增长等现象而破坏数值解的稳定性、收敛性,能否消减上述现象的不利影响成为制约数值方法有效与否的重要因素.文中同时引入了FCT算子和幅值限制器,采用中心差分格式对具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质中的二维非线性弹性波进行数值模拟,从而克服了上述困难;介绍了适用于非线性弹性波的吸收边界条件,给出了差分方程的稳定性条件.在验证了方法的有效性后成功地获取了二维VTI介质中非线性弹性波的三分量地震正演记录,表明非线性波在传播过程中会发生波形畸变等现象. 相似文献
145.
A method for the development of earthquake intensity–damage relations, given as fragility curves and damage probability matrices is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is applied on reinforced-concrete frame-wall structures. Two sets of fragility curves and damage probability matrices are developed. The first one is for reinforced-concrete frame structures lower than 10 stories. For this purpose, a six-story frame structure is used. The other set is defined for reinforced-concrete frame-wall structures higher than 10 stories. A 16-story frame-wall structure was chosen as a sample. The sample structures were designed according to Macedonian design code. The conditions of the local seismic hazard were the subject of special concern for the development of earthquake intensity–damage relations. Because of the limited number of real time histories from the Skopje region, a set of 240 synthetic time histories were generated. Geological dates from the Skopje region were used. Response of the sample structures under earthquake excitation was defined performing nonlinear dynamic analysis. Modeling of the nonlinear behavior of the structural elements was completed according to state-of-the-art methods in this field. A modified Park and Ang damage model was chosen as a measure of the structure's response to earthquake excitation. Five damage states were defined to express the condition of damage. As a result of the analytical research, the values of the global damage index corresponding to each damage state were determined. Using the dates from the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the sample structures under all 240 synthetic time histories, the two sets of fragility curves and damage probability matrices were defined. 相似文献
146.
A synthetic Earth for use in geodesy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. Haagmans 《Journal of Geodesy》2000,74(7-8):503-511
A synthetic Earth and its gravity field that can be represented at different resolutions for testing and comparing existing
and new methods used for global gravity-field determination are created. Both the boundary and boundary values of the gravity
potential can be generated. The approach chosen also allows observables to be generated at aircraft flight height or at satellite
altitude. The generation of the synthetic Earth shape (SES) and gravity-field quantities is based upon spherical harmonic
expansions of the isostatically compensated equivalent rock topography and the EGM96 global geopotential model. Spherical
harmonic models are developed for both the synthetic Earth topography (SET) and the synthetic Earth potential (SEP) up to
degree and order 2160 corresponding to a 5′×5′ resolution. Various sets of SET, SES and SEP with boundary geometry and boundary
values at different resolutions can be generated using low-pass filters applied to the expansions. The representation is achieved
in point sets based upon refined triangulation of a octahedral geometry projected onto the chosen reference ellipsoid. The
filter cut-offs relate to the sampling pattern in order to avoid aliasing effects. Examples of the SET and its gravity field
are shown for a resolution with a Nyquist sampling rate of 8.27 degrees.
Received: 6 August 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 2000 相似文献
147.
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150.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2015,347(2):53-63
Skilful prediction of the monthly and seasonal summer monsoon rainfall over India at a smaller spatial scale is a major challenge for the scientific community. The present study is aimed at achieving this objective by hybridising two mathematical techniques, namely synthetic superensemble (SSE) and supervised principal component regression (SPCR) on six state-of-the art Global Climate Models (GCMs). The performance of the mathematical model is evaluated using correlation analysis, the root mean square error, and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index. Results feature reasonable improvement over central India, which is a zone of maximum rainfall activity in the summer monsoon season. The study also highlights improvement in the monthly prediction of rainfall over raw GCMs (15–20% improvement) with exceptional improvement in July. The developed model is also examined for anomalous years of monsoon and it is found that the model is able to capture the signs of anomalies over different gridpoints of the Indian domain. 相似文献