0907号热带风暴“天鹅”暴雨的数值模拟

利用新一代中尺度数值模式WRF,对登陆后滞留粤西地区近50 h并带来了暴雨以上强降水的0907号热带风暴"天鹅"进行数值模拟,取得了较好的效果。该模式成功模拟出"天鹅"的移动路径、强度和强降水分布,暴雨的中心强度与实况基本一致。利用模式输出的高分辨率结果分析研究"天鹅"的暴雨降水原因,通过改变地形高度的敏感性试验表明,沿海地区地形的抬升作用对降雨有显著的增幅作用,并且使降水分布更加不均匀。     

预报科学

世界各国和各地区的环境预报中心的主要任务是向本国、本地区和全球公众发布科学的环境预报,包括天气、水、气候和空间天气的预报。气象学家与其他科学家合作,一起制作可靠、及时、准确的分析结果、指导意见、预报及预警,以确保人们的生命和财产安全,促进全球经济的发展,以满足人们日益增长的对环境信息的需求。为了更准确地制作预报、更好地服务大众以及最大限度地减少生命和财产损失,这里提出了＂预报科学＂思想。预报科学包括现代观测系统的资料收集、观测与预报信息的实时交流、各种科学技术的发展、无缝隙预报以及公共服务等。预报科学可以概括为三个相互独立的部分,即科学性、工程性和艺术性,且三者存在相互作用。总之,天气预报是大气与环境服务的重要组成部分;预报科学的科学性、工程性和艺术性均服务于天气预报、服务于人民。     

Geographical Text-Books and Geographical Teaching

Abstract

We are teaching the television generation in our college classrooms and if we can't beat' em, we should certainly join' em. Visual images can, indeed, be effective teaching tools in geography. Three uses of a “classic” concealed image of Jesus Christ in a melting snowfield are discussed. First, the image serves as an example of the geographer's search for spatial regularities. On a more interpretative level, the concealed image becomes a metaphor for the quasi-religious quest for scientific truth. If we aren't careful, this quest can devolve into Ideological explanation. Finally, the mysterious origin of the Jesus image is akin to an urban legend. Its origin may be used to illustrate the fallibility of scientific citation as can the image entitled “My Wife and My Mother-in-Law” incorrectly cited by the geographer William Kirk. Whether the Jesus image was a natural event or a product of human creation is an object lesson in the pitfalls of imputed intentionality.     

Integration of Geospatial Science in Teacher Education

Abstract

One of the primary missions of our university is to train future primary and secondary teachers. Geospatial sciences, including GIS, have long been excluded from teacher education curriculum. This article explains the curriculum revisions undertaken to increase the geospatial technology education of future teachers. A general education class introducing geospatial technology to the general student body has been developed, a cartography class has been modified to provide applied geospatial experience explicitly for future teachers, and a service learning partnership with local K–12 schools has been established where students are working with teachers to integrate geospatial sciences in their academic programs.     

新的机遇,新的挑战--关于"十五"工作的设想

地震科学经历近百年的发展,现已步入中年.文章介绍针对地震科学当前面临的主要问题,IASPEI采取的措施和努力的方向,其中强调了宽频带数字地震观测在地震研究中的作用.这些背景值得我们在编制"十五"规划时借鉴.     

Managing for sustainability in an arid climate: lessons learned from 20 years of groundwater management in Arizona,USA

Substantial progress has been made within central Arizona in moving towards a more sustainable water future, particularly in transitioning the urban demand from a primarily nonrenewable groundwater-based supply to increasing dependence on the Colorado River, Salt River and effluent. Management efforts include a wide range of regulatory and voluntary programs which have had mixed success. The Department of Water Resources has learned a number of key lessons throughout the years, and this paper attempts to establish the water management context and identify those lessons for the benefit of others who may want to evaluate alternative approaches to groundwater management. Themes to be discussed include evaluating water management approaches in a public policy context, the effectiveness of alternative management approaches and the relative merits of regulatory vs. nonregulatory efforts, and the importance of high-quality data in making management decisions.

The lake science development in China

China is a country abundant in lakes. Lake science development in China, not only aims at the international frontiers of correlative subject development, but also focuses on the national strategic needs in different ages. This paper describes the general situation and distribution characteristics of Chinese lakes, systematically reviews development process of Chinese lake science and its progress in lake physics, lake chemistry, lake biology, lake sediment and lake-watershed management, finally looks forward to the developing tendency of Chinese lake science in future.     

《周易》乃地学之初

对<周易>的研究已有几千年的历史,人们一般认为,<周易>是西周时期形成的占筮算卦用书.本文认为,<周易>本为人类活动所遇到的种种自然现象对人类产生影响的汇编.它探讨天、地、雷、风、水、火、山和泽8个方面的特点及其相互关系,它们有的相互对立,有的相互依存,"刚柔相推,变在其中矣".同时,<周易>还探讨上述8个方面及其相互关系随时间的发展变化.<周易>对后来的重大水利工程有指导意义.因此,作者认为<周易>实系地学之初.     

湿地科学建设的浅议——祝贺《湿地科学》创刊

<湿地科学>的创刊是标志中国湿地科学发展的重要里程碑.通过从学科理论、学科体系和学术交流平台建设等3个方面探讨湿地科学建设与发展的有关问题.首先,回顾作者多年来从事沼泽湿地的研究历程,从对早期研究普遍沿用但不适用于中国沼泽的一些国外理论产生质疑,到在大量国内外比较研究和实践基础上提出关于沼泽发育多模式理论、沼泽区域分异规律、沼泽生态系统的性质、沼泽分类与沼泽生态建设等基本问题的新的理论和观点,指出新学科理论建设的重要意义.其次,目前湿地科学尚未形成完整的科学体系.文章认为湿地生态系统的特殊性和生态过程的复杂性,湿地研究的多学科性、边缘交叉性,为湿地研究提供了广阔的创新空间,最终将形成多学科多层次的湿地科学体系.第三,<湿地科学>面向国际,为国内外湿地研究提供了学术交流的平台,将通过刊登富有创新性、前沿性和探索性的研究成果,形成自己的办刊风格,为推动学科发展,建立和完善湿地科学作出贡献.     

California's evolution toward integrated regional water management: a long-term view

Water resources sustainability hinges on interrelated physical, chemical, biological, and human processes, all of which may affect the quantity and quality of available water supplies. California's decades-long transition process from intensive and often unmanaged groundwater development toward more effective, sustainable integrated water resources management has resulted in important lessons. The process offers insights to other countries that seek to achieve sustainability. Long-term systematic groundwater and surface water monitoring programs and ongoing assessment of regional groundwater systems are an integral part of management. On local to global scales, the need for fundamental data, regional resources assessments, and increased support for scientific and technological advances is becoming increasingly apparent. The scientific community must enhance society's understanding of the essential links between basic data needs and the advancement and application of scientific approaches for effective water management. Correspondingly, scientific and political communities must coordinate common interests in endeavors toward sustainable management. Public outreach is a necessary complement to achieve sustainability goals and garner support for the programs needed to develop water policies based on sound science, manage water resources, and meet future water demands while avoiding unacceptable impacts.

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Resumen La sostenibilidad de los recursos hídricos gira sobre procesos interrelacionados físicos, químicos, biológicos y humanos, todos los cuales pueden afectar la cantidad y calidad de fuentes disponibles de agua. El proceso de transición de varias décadas que ha experimentado California, a partir de un desarrollo intensivo y frecuentemente carente de gestión de aguas subterráneas, hacia una gestión más efectiva, sostenible e integrada de recursos hídricos ha dado por resultado lecciones importantes. Este proceso ofrece alternativas para otros países que buscan alcanzar sostenibilidad. Los programas de monitoreo sistemático a largo plazo de agua superficial y agua subterránea, y las evaluaciones actuales de sistemas regionales de agua subterránea constituyen una parte integral de la gestión. Se hace cada vez más evidente, a escala global y local, la necesidad de datos básicos, evaluaciones regionales de recursos, y apoyo creciente para avances científicos y tecnológicos. La comunidad científica tiene que estimular el entendimiento de la sociedad de las relaciones fundamentales entre las necesidades de datos básicos y los avances y aplicación de enfoques científicos para un manejo efectivo del agua. Del mismo modo, las comunidades científicas y políticas tienen que coordinar intereses comunes en los esfuerzos hacia una gestión sostenible. El involucramiento del público es un complemento necesario para alcanzar los objetivos de sostenibilidad y obtener apoyo para los programas necesarios que permitan desarrollar políticas hídricas basadas en ciencia sana, gestión de recursos hídricos, y alcanzar las demandas futuras de agua mientras se evitan impactos inaceptables.

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Résumé La durabilité des ressources en eau est à la charnière de processus physiques, chimiques, biologiques et humains, tous inter-reliés et à même d'affecter la quantité et la qualité de la disponibilité en eau d'alimentation. Les processus de transition décadaires en Californie, entre un développement intensif et non contrôlé des eaux souterraines, à un système plus rentable et durable de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, a permis de conclure sur d'importantes leçons. Ce processus offre, en effet, des perspicacités à d'autres pays qui cherchent à concrétiser la durabilité. Les programmes systématiques de surveillance des eaux souterraines et de surface, sur le long terme, font parti intégrant de ce type de gestion. De l'échelle locale à l'échelle globale, la nécessité de données fondamentales, de bilans régionaux des ressources, et d'un support croissant aux avancées scientifiques et techniques, est devenu de plus en plus apparent. La communauté scientifique doit améliorer la compréhension de la société, en ce qui concerne les liens essentiels entre le besoin de données et l'avancement et l'application des approches scientifiques pour une gestion efficace de l'eau. De la même manière, les communautés scientifiques et politiques doivent coordonner leurs intérêts communs en se démenant pour une gestion durable. La mobilisation du publique est un complément nécessaire pour accomplir les objectifs de la durabilité, et rassembler le support aux besoins des programmes, de manière à développer des politiques de l'eau basées sur une science juste, à gérer les ressources en eau et satisfaire les futures demandes tout en évitant des impacts non acceptables.