海洋科技在21世纪海上丝绸之路建设中的作用

21世纪海上丝绸之路建设在海洋经济活动、海上综合保障等方面对海洋科技领域提出了新命题。在分析我国海洋技术优势领域的基础上,围绕科技创新政策伙伴关系、培育创新品牌、推进海洋经济和产业发展等方面,深入阐述了海洋科技领域在21世纪海上丝绸之路建设中的支撑作用,同时提出具体工作思路。     

石窟寺文物的数字化保护与利用

随着信息技术的飞速发展,石窟寺文物的数字化保护与利用引起了国内外的广泛关注。文章从石窟寺文物数字化采集、保护和利用等方面进行系统梳理,重点分析石窟寺文物数字化保护中三维信息获取、三维重建评价以及三维打印等相关前沿信息技术的应用现状。并针对石窟寺文物数字化保护和利用工程实践中的难点,给出采用激光脉冲三维采集细部结合多视图重建采集整体形状的三维重建结合三维打印的解决方案。同时,针对摄影测量计算过程中可能出现的整体形状偏差,采用脉冲式激光三维扫描仪在石窟中进行整体扫描来建立石窟三维形状的框架,以对多视图重建计算中的空间解算误差进行约束。其中,提出了基于关键参数一致化的分布式集中约束调整方法,在保障精确度的同时得到更好的计算效率。然后通过云冈石窟和龙门石窟字化保护和利用的经典案例,具体分析工程实践中的难点,并探讨以上解决方案的可行性。综合考虑成本与效果等多种因素,该方案是当前技术条件下性价比相对较高,同时可以兼顾色彩与质感原真再现的解决思路。最后对未来趋势进行展望并给出相关技术和应用建议。     

The world economy in a cube: A more rational structural representation of sustainability

National economic systems are investigated in a 3-axis diagram where three different indicators are used to account for resource use, societal organization, and goods and services produced, respectively. This framework is consistent with an input-state-output (environment–society–economy) scheme based on a logical, physical and thermodynamic order between the three dimensions of sustainability. This approach highlights which input-state-output relations are realized and which relations are less common in the behavior of these systems. It assesses and overcomes major drawbacks of common representations of sustainability. Within a cube diagram, 99 national economies are ranked and grouped into 8 categories, which are labeled to reflect the main characteristics of their behavior according to the three environmental, social and economic parameters. A cluster analysis is also performed in order to statistically support the classification and strengthen the interpretation of results. Results show that no countries exhibit a dematerialization of economic activity and that non-sustainable economic activity can take place over a wide range of income distributions (Gini coefficients).     

Scientific field training for human planetary exploration

Forthcoming human planetary exploration will require increased scientific return (both in real time and post-mission), longer surface stays, greater geographical coverage, longer and more frequent EVAs, and more operational complexities than during the Apollo missions. As such, there is a need to shift the nature of astronauts’ scientific capabilities to something akin to an experienced terrestrial field scientist. To achieve this aim, the authors present a case that astronaut training should include an Apollo-style curriculum based on traditional field school experiences, as well as full immersion in field science programs. Herein we propose four Learning Design Principles (LDPs) focused on optimizing astronaut learning in field science settings. The LDPs are as follows:

(1)

LDP#1: Provide multiple experiences: varied field science activities will hone astronauts’ abilities to adapt to novel scientific opportunities

(2)

LDP#2: Focus on the learner: fostering intrinsic motivation will orient astronauts towards continuous informal learning and a quest for mastery

(3)

LDP#3: Provide a relevant experience—the field site: field sites that share features with future planetary missions will increase the likelihood that astronauts will successfully transfer learning

(4)

LDP#4: Provide a social learning experience—the field science team and their activities: ensuring the field team includes members of varying levels of experience engaged in opportunities for discourse and joint problem solving will facilitate astronauts’ abilities to think and perform like a field scientist.

The proposed training program focuses on the intellectual and technical aspects of field science, as well as the cognitive manner in which field scientists experience, observe and synthesize their environment. The goal of the latter is to help astronauts develop the thought patterns and mechanics of an effective field scientist, thereby providing a broader base of experience and expertise than could be achieved from field school alone. This will enhance their ability to execute, explore and adapt as in-field situations require.     

虚拟地理环境研究进展与理论框架

阐述虚拟地理环境的形成、发展与研究现状,并从"虚拟现实技术"与"虚拟现实"的相互关系探讨虚拟地理环境基本概念.从基本思想、系统结构、在线参与者社会组织水平、与GIS/数字地球的关系等角度,分析虚拟地理环境的特征.从数据、模型、表现以及协同4个方面,讨论了虚拟地理环境系统建设的关键技术与研究前沿.尝试建立了一个虚拟地理环境基本理论初步研究框架,认为在地理哲学思想层次应该重点研究复杂性人地系统、地理虚/实关系论、地理/遥感信息本体论,在地理/地理信息科学层次需要重点研究地理认知与思维、地理相似原理、地理计算模拟;同时讨论虚拟地理环境与面向"人"的地理信息科学、基于虚拟地理环境地理科学方法论,以及可计算人地关系的相关理论问题.     

2001—2021年黄河流域农业科技园区的时空格局及影响因素

探究农业科技园区的时空格局及影响因素对于优化园区布局、促进区域农业高质量发展具有重要意义。本文以黄河流域国家和省级农业科技园区为对象,采用标准差椭圆、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析、空间变差函数、地理探测器模型等方法,分析了2001—2021年园区时空格局、演化特征及影响因素。结果发现：(1)农业科技园区经历了试点建设（2001—2009年）、全面推广（2010—2016年）和创新提质（2017—2021年）3个阶段。(2) 2001—2021年国家和省级园区总体分布态势逐渐一致,已经形成了河湟谷地、关中平原和黄河下游冲积平原3个主要集中分布区。(3)国家和省级园区全局关联特征表现不同,前者空间关联从随机模式向集聚模式转变,后者则一直表现为集聚模式;局部关联格局则均表现为“同向集聚增强,异向集聚减弱”的特点。(4)国家和省级园区格局演化均同时受结构性和随机性因素影响,包括产业结构水平、经济实力基础、交通便捷度、专利授权件数、农作物种植规模等主要因素,各因素间的交互作用大于单因素的作用,特别是产业结构水平与交通便捷度、经济实力基础与交通便捷度交互作用最为突出。本研究有助于丰富和完善农业科...     

面向治理的地理学发展刍议

“四个面向”（面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康）已成为新时代中国科学发展的指针。治理是一个反映“四个面向”的国际前沿研究领域,也是地理学和其他学科研究的焦点。围绕地理学如何应对治理这一关键问题,基于人地耦合的理念,系统梳理国内外地理学进行治理研究的轨迹与特点,从价值、思想、方法、技术4个维度发掘面向治理的地理学发展路径,紧密联系地理学发展动态及治理现代化的实践,从基础研究、平台建设、人才培育3个方面提出发展策略。提升中国地理学在国际治理研究中的影响力,促进地理学与其他学科的交叉融合,将自然与人文有机结合的理念应用于社会治理,增进居民福祉,并服务国家战略和区域可持续发展。     

The Econo-techno-social Design of Invasive Animal Management: costs and benefits or beneficiaries and benefactors?

This paper examines invasive animal management institutions, using theories at the interstices of anthropology and geography, to question current approaches to management based on neoclassical and neoliberal economic rationales. I present an analysis of two feral pig management regimes in Far North Queensland, Australia: (i) bounty systems of payment for feral pig control; and (ii) a community-based feral pig trapping program. I show how these management methods reshape important social and cultural processes through their overlapping technological and economic elements. On the basis of this analysis, I propose a conceptual framework for invasive animal management planning that incorporates a beneficiary–benefactor analysis alongside cost–benefit analyses. I argue that ecological-economic theories of pest management may be usefully enhanced by addressing the links between economic and social behaviours.     

The Value of Practice-Based Knowledge

Increasing recognition of the value of practice-based or experiential knowledge in natural resource management justifies the creation of a new category of articles in Society & Natural Resources that we are calling Practice-Based Knowledge (PBK). The rationale for focusing on PBK is due to its key role in the emergence of hybrid governance institutions across state, market, and civil society, understanding the complexity of dynamic socioecological systems, recognizing the challenges of multiple knowledge systems and context-specific practices, embracing the power of informal institutions and civic science, and engaging debates on the growing prevalence of market-oriented conservation. The goal is to provide a dedicated space within the published, peer-reviewed literature for scholars, government officials, nonprofit managers, and engaged citizens to share experiences informed by practical action. Relevant and timely practice-based insights may improve understanding and management of social and ecological processes and systems, while also offering the potential to contribute to theory.     

中国科技资源配置效率测度及其时空格局演变特征(英文)

According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001–2010, using modified method—Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), science and technology(ST) resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of ST resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of ST resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA). It turned out that:(1) the average of ST resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening.(2) The asymmetrical distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose ST resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China.(3) The coupling degree between ST resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of ST resource allocation efficiency is common in regional development, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of ST resources and so on.(4) In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, ST resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency.(5) Viewed from LISA agglomeration map ofST resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the continuity of ST resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing.