Earthquake performance assessment and retrofit investigations of two suspension bridges in Istanbul

This paper presents the results from earthquake performance assessment and retrofit investigations for Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosporus suspension bridges, with main span lengths of 1090 and 1074 m in Istanbul. In the first part of the study, sophisticated three-dimensional finite element model of two suspension bridges were developed and the results of the free vibration analysis were presented. The models contain detailed structural components of the bridges and geometric non-linearity with cable sagging and stress stiffening, cumber of the deck and set-back of the towers. These components affect the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the bridges. In the second part of the study, the seismic performance evaluation of two suspension bridges was undertaken. For performance assessments, non-linear 3-D finite-element time history analysis of with multi-support scenario earthquake excitation was used. Displacements and stresses at critical points of the bridges were investigated. Their earthquake performance under the action of scenario earthquake (site-specific ground motion that would result from the Mw=7.5 scenario earthquake on the Main Marmara Fault) were estimated and comparison with actual design data were also presented. Although both suspension bridges were originally designed for much lower earthquake loads they exhibited satisfactory performance. Finally, suggestions for retrofit need were made and retrofit design with hysteretic dampers for the Bosporus suspension bridge was calculated.     

基于挂钩政策下的山东省农村建设用地整理潜力及重点区域

在分析山东省农村建设用地现状基础上,提出全省农村建设用地整理潜力;采用人均定额指标法,预测城镇工矿用地需求量;结合新一轮土地利用总体规划中城乡建设用地控制指标,提出全省可用于挂钩的农村建设用地整理潜力;采用双因素分级法,提出城乡建设用地增减挂钩的重点区域。     

Determination of the suspension competence of debris flows based on particle size analysis

The determination of the critical particle size between solid and fluid phases, i.e., the suspension competence, is fundamental for debris flow. A method for determining suspension competence based on particle size analysis is presented in this paper. Suspension competence of static experimental water-debris mixtures prepared with the sediment of Jiangjia Gully is -0.025 mm if the bulk density is less than 1,800 kg m-3 and it increases with bulk density of more concentrated mixtures. Suspension competence of natural debris flows in Jiangjia Gully increases exponentially with the bulk density. These two data sets are compared in order to understand the suspension mechanism. It is concluded that turbulence may play a leading role in particle suspension in non-viscous and sub-viscous debris flows, while in viscous debris flows both matrix strength and excess pore water pressure play important roles.     

Sedimentation patterns caused by scallop dredging in a physically dynamic environment

Scallop dredging grounds in the Firth of Lorn, western Scotland, are juxtaposed with rocky reef habitats raising concerns that reef communities may be impacted by sediment disturbed by nearby scallop dredging. A particle-tracking model of sediment transport and settling is applied at two scales. In the near-field, a suspension of typical sand/gravel-dominated bed sediment is subjected to a steady current across the dredge track. In the far-field, silt particles, which may persist in suspension for multiple tidal cycles, are tracked in the context of a regional model of tidally-driven flow. The principal sedimentary risk to reef habitats is predicted to come from settling sand particles when dredge tracks approach within tens of metres of a reef. The cumulative effect of dredging at the relatively low intensities recorded in this region is not expected to have a significant long-term impact on suspended silt concentrations and settlement in this highly dispersive environment.     

A Bulk Blowing Snow Model

We present in this paper a simple and computationally efficient numerical model that depicts a column of sublimating, blowing snow. This bulk model predicts the mixing ratio of suspended snow by solving an equation that considers the diffusion, settling and sublimation of blowing snow in a time-dependent mode. The bulk model results compare very well with those of a previous spectral version of the model, while increasing its computational efficiency by a factor of about one hundred. This will allow the use of the model to estimate the effects of blowing snow upon the atmospheric boundary layer and to the mass balance of such regions as the Mackenzie River Basin of Canada.     

An Intercomparison Among Four Models Of Blowing Snow

Four one-dimensional, time-dependent blowing snow models areintercompared. These include three spectral models, PIEKTUK-T,WINDBLAST, SNOWSTORM, and the bulk version of PIEKTUK-T,PIEKTUK-B. Although the four models are based on common physicalconcepts, they have been developed by different research groups. Thestructure of the models, numerical methods, meteorological field treatmentand the parameterization schemes may be different. Under an agreed standardcondition, the four models generally give similar results for the thermodynamic effects of blowing snow sublimation on the atmospheric boundary layer, including an increase of relative humidity and a decrease of the ambient temperature due to blowing snow sublimation. Relative humidity predicted by SNOWSTORM is lower than the predictions of the other models, which leads to a larger sublimation rate in SNOWSTORM. All four models demonstrate that sublimation rates in a column of blowing snow have a single maximum in time, illustrating self-limitation of the sublimation process of blowing snow. However, estimation of the eddy diffusioncoefficient for momentum (K_m), and thereby the diffusion coefficients for moisture (K_w) and for heat (K_h), has a significant influence on the process. Sensitivitytests with PIEKTUK-T show that the sublimation rate can be approximately constant with time after an initial phase, if K_m is a linear function with height. In order to match the model results with blowing snow observations, some parameters in the standard run, such as settling velocity of blowing snow particles in these models, may need to be changed to more practical values.     

南极洲万达盐湖水的悬浮物中的粘土矿物和痕量金属组成的研究

南极洲万达盐湖水中悬浮物的流量 :水深 1 2m ,1 1 9 673mg/cm2 ·a;3 2m ,67 93mg/cm2 ·a;45m ,1 5 82mg/cm2 ·a;48m ,9 46mg/cm2 ·a ;60m ,1 3 5 5mg/cm2 ·a ;65m ,3 0 3 3mg/cm2 ·a。湖水悬浮物中粘土矿物主要为伊利石 ,含量 64～ 67% ,次为绿泥石 ,含量 2 5～ 3 0 % ,蒙脱石仅含 5 9～6 6% ,而高岭石含量极低。湖水悬浮物中痕量金属的含量 :水深 1 2m ,Cr 5 4 3 μg/g、Cu 1 1 9 3 μg/g、Ni 5 3 4μg/g、Co 2 3 9μg/g、Cd1 43 μg/g;3 2m ,Cr 44 9μg/g、Cu 1 1 8 7μg/g、Ni 5 0 2 μg/g、Co 1 9 4μg/g、Cd 1 5 1 μg/g;45m ,Cr 5 3 μg/g、Cu1 42 8μg/g、Ni 5 9 8μg/g、Co 1 9 8μg/g、Cd 1 83 μg/g ;60m ,Cr 1 3 2 μg/g、Cu 49 6μg/g、Ni 1 3 4μg/g;Co 4 3 μg/g、Cd 0 3 7μg/g ;65m ,Cr 7 4μg/g、Cu 1 7 6μg/g、Ni6 7μg/g、Co 2 4μg/g、Cd 0 3 6μg/g。悬浮物中痕量金属含量高低顺序 :Cu>Cr>Ni>Co >Cd。在水深 60m以上 ,悬浮物中痕量金属主要被束缚在硅酸盐、锰的氧化物及铁的氢氧化物悬浮物颗粒上 ,在水深 60m以下 ,则主要被束缚在硅酸盐矿物及有机质颗粒上。     

钢筋混凝土加劲桁架悬索桥的模态分析

采用ANSYS软件对钢筋混凝土土加劲架悬索桥进行有限元分析，提出较为准确的建模方法和最优初始应变的取值条件，使计算结果能满足工程分析精度要求。在此基础上进行了模态分析，计算了钢筋混凝土加劲杵架悬索桥的动力特征及主要结构参数对动力学特性的影响，并对福建三明下洋悬索桥进行实桥测试与分析比较，研究结果有助于对该类悬索桥力学性能的认识。     

Steady-state vertical distribution of cohesive sediments in a flow

Settling velocity of diluted suspended aggregates is examined under steady-state conditions. It is shown that if the local settling velocity of the suspended mass of sediments at the bottom is gamma distributed, then, the vertical variation of the local mean settling velocity $\overline{W}$ is proportional to a power $1/r$ of the local concentration C, where r is the gamma distribution parameter. That is a consequence of the suspended-sediment sorting produced by the vertical dynamics. The parameter r characterizes the range of settling velocity values for all the aggregates simultaneously in suspension. To cite this article: M. Sánchez et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).