PSYCHIC – A process-based model of phosphorus and sediment mobilisation and delivery within agricultural catchments. Part 1: Model description and parameterisation

PSYCHIC is a process-based model of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) mobilisation in land runoff and subsequent delivery to watercourses. Modelled transfer pathways include release of desorbable soil P, detachment of SS and associated particulate P, incidental losses from manure and fertiliser applications, losses from hard standings, the transport of all the above to watercourses in underdrainage (where present) and via surface pathways, and losses of dissolved P from point sources. The model can operate at two spatial scales, although the scientific core is the same in both cases. At catchment scale, the model uses easily available national scale datasets to infer all necessary input data whilst at field scale, the user is required to supply all necessary data. The model is sensitive to a number of crop and animal husbandry decisions, as well as to environmental factors such as soil type and field slope angle. It is envisaged that the catchment-scale model would provide the first tier of a catchment characterisation study, and would be used as a screening tool to identify areas within the catchment which may be at elevated risk of P loss. This would enable targeted data collection, involving farm visits and stakeholder discussion, which would then be followed up with detailed field-scale modelling. Both tiers allow the effects of possible mitigation options at catchment scale (Tier 1) and field scale (Tier 2) to be explored. The PSYCHIC model framework therefore provides a methodology for identifying critical source areas of sediment and P transfer in catchments and assessing what management changes are required to achieve environmental goals.     

Tracing suspended organic nitrogen from the Yangtze River catchment into the East China Sea

Total suspended matter was collected along the Yangtze River (Changjiang) and in the East China Sea in April to May and in September 2003, respectively, to study origin and fate of particulate organic nitrogen. Concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC), nitrogen (PN) and hydrolyzable particulate amino acids (PAA; d- and l-enantiomers) were higher in the Yangtze Estuary than in the river and decreased offshore towards the shelf edge. In the coastal area, higher values of PAA were observed in the surface layer than in the bottom water. Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of POC increased from − 24.4‰ in the river to values around − 21‰ on the East China Sea Shelf. Dominant amino acids were aspartic acid + aspartine (Asx), glutamic acid + glutamine (Glx), glycine, alanine and serine. The proportions of Asx, Glx and isoleucine were higher in the marine than in the riverine samples contrary to the distributions of glycine, alanine, threonine and arginine. The proportions of d-amino acids were highest in the riverine suspended organic matter (6% of PAA) decreasing towards the shelf edge (1.5% of PAA). d-arginine, not reported in natural aquatic samples so far, was the most abundant d-amino acid in the river. The amino acid composition of the particulate organic matter (POM) in the Yangtze River indicates an advanced stage of degradation of POM. Highly degraded organic matter from soils is probably a main source of POM in the Yangtze River, but the relatively high δ¹³C values and low C/N ratios (7.7 ± 1.6) also indicate contribution from anthropogenic sources. The degraded riverine material was a dominant organic matter source in the estuary, where aquatic primary production had only a small overall contribution. In the East China Sea, gradual settling of riverine organic matter and the addition of fresher phytoplankton impacted the amino acid composition and δ¹³C values, and on the outer shelf relatively fresh phytoplankton-derived organic matter dominated.     

Sensitivity analysis of sediment flux derived by laser diffraction and acoustic backscatter within a reservoir

A combination of two indirect methods to measure sediment flux is presented in this study to evaluate suspended sediment transport in a hydropower reservoir. The acoustic backscatter signal (ABS) from an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is therefore applied in pre-defined transects within the reservoir in combination with a Laser In-Situ Scattering Transmissometry – stream lined device (LISST-SL). The stationary LISST-SL derived suspended sediment concentration (SSC) measurements are used to calibrate the ABS. From the LISST-SL measurements a time series of SSC is obtained. This enables, in addition, a comprehensive data analysis to evaluate the influence of natural fluctuations of the SSC on the calculated sediment flux, which should be taken into account when assessing sediment transport. Furthermore SSC measurements are done with the LISST-SL close to the reservoir bed. In areas close to the bed no information regarding the ABS is available from the ADCP measurements due to the side-lobe interference. In various studies the information from the last three valid cells is used for extrapolation. However, as result of a comparison of the LISST-SL measurements with extrapolated SSC values from the ADCP measurements it can be seen that, especially in deep reservoirs, this method has to be adapted to the in-situ conditions.     

Sediment transport in ice-covered channels

The existence of ice cover has important effects on sediment transport and channel morphology for rivers in areas with an annual occurrence of an ice season. The interaction of sediment transport and s...     

黄河口磷酸盐缓冲机制的探讨Ⅲ.磷酸盐交叉缓冲图及"稳定pH范围"

于 1 994年 5月— 1 995年 6月在实验室进行了不同磷酸盐浓度、pH条件下的悬浮物吸附解吸模拟实验 ,对黄河口磷酸盐的缓冲机制进行了探讨。黄河口悬浮物对磷酸盐的吸附量 (解吸量 )随磷酸盐浓度的增大而增大 (减小 ) ,零平衡时磷酸盐浓度 (EPC0 )值在 0 .4— 1 .3μmol/dm3之间 ,且随温度的升高和悬浮物粒度的增大而略有减小。黄河口悬浮物的线性吸附系数 (K)在 0 .0 3— 0 .40dm3/g之间 ,且随温度的升高呈线性关系增加 ,随悬浮物粒度的减小呈指数形式增加。盐度对EPC0 和K基本没有影响。在pH对黄河口悬浮物吸附和解吸磷酸盐的影响实验中 ,首次发现在pH约为 7.7— 9.3范围内存在“稳定pH范围” ,在此范围内悬浮物对磷酸盐的吸附量和解吸量不随水体pH值发生变化。此范围的大小和位置随实验条件不同而略有变化 ,稳定pH范围随温度的上升有所减小且左移 (pH减小方向 ) ,随着悬浮物粒度的增大稳定pH范围有所增大且右移。     

黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间不同岩层对河流粗泥沙贡献的分析

对黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间的产沙岩层与河流悬移质输沙进行了耦合平衡分析,确定了该区间各种产沙岩层的产沙数量,并推算出黄土、基岩和风沙对河流粗泥沙(d>0.05mm)的贡献率分别为61.2%、34.2%和4.6%。同时,分析了该区间侵蚀产粗泥沙的分布规律。     

Predictability performance enhancement for suspended sediment in rivers:Inspection of newly developed hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy system model

Reliable modeling of river sediments transport is important as it is a defining factor of the economic viability of dams, the durability of hydroelectric-equipment, river susceptibility to pollution, suitability for navigation, and potential for aesthetics and fish habitat. The capability of a new machine learning model, fuzzy c-means based neuro-fuzzy system calibrated using the hybrid particle swarm optimization-gravitational search algorithm（ANFIS-FCM-PSOGSA） in improving the estimation accur...     

EFFECTS OF EXISTENCE OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES ON THE ENERGY LOSS OF FLOW

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＥＸＩＳＴＥＮＣＥＯＦＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＰＡＲＴＩＣＬＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＥＮＥＲＧＹＬＯＳＳＯＦＦＬＯＷ￥ＬＩＵＱｉｎｇｑｕａｎ；ＣＨＥＮＬｉａｎｄＬＩＵＤａｙｏｕ（Ａｓｓｏｃ．ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＦｅｌｌｏｗ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｃｈａ...     

黄、东海二类水体春季表观光谱特性与表层悬浮体浓度反演模式

利用Savitzky-Golay滤波信号处理方法,分析了南黄海、北东海2003年春季水色遥感试验所取得的遥感反射率和表层悬浮体取样数据,以期探讨该海区近岸二类水体表观光谱及其导数光谱特性,及遥感反射率及其导数与水体表层总悬浮颗粒物浓度(TSS)和悬浮泥沙浓度(SS)的关系。结果表明,遥感反射率及其一阶导数均适于水体总悬浮颗粒物浓度与悬浮泥沙浓度反演,但其更高阶导数通常会抑制悬浮泥沙的作用则不建议采用;遥感反射率及其一阶导数与ln(TSS)、ln(SS)的相关性较其与TSS和SS更为显著。基于相关分析所筛选出的较优波段,建立了南黄海、北东海水域春季总悬浮颗粒物浓度与悬浮泥沙浓度统计反演模式。     

菹草石芽萌发及其生长过程的初步探究

研究了光照和温度对菹草石芽萌发的影响及菹草的生长机理。结果表明:1在模拟秋冬季温度条件下不同光照强度对石芽萌发率的影响无规律性,即光照并未对菹草石芽的萌发起促进作用;2石芽在一定时间的低温作用后,恢复常温使石芽的萌发速度和萌发率明显提高,说明石芽的萌发受温度的影响,这也更好地解释了菹草的越冬生长习性及春季部分水体菹草大规模爆发的现象;3石芽随水面波动可吸附大量悬浮物,一般5-7天即可增加足够的重量下沉至水体底部,石芽吸附的悬浮物含有一定的营养成分,能促进石芽的萌发。石芽的萌发机制可为菹草石芽繁殖的影响因素研究提供依据,对栽培菹草具有重要的实践意义。