Patos Lagoon outflow within the Río de la Plata plume using an airborne salinity mapper: Observing an embedded plume

Major river systems discharging into continental shelf waters frequently form buoyant coastal currents that propagate along the continental shelf in the direction of coastal trapped wave propagation (with the coast on the right/left, in the northern/southern hemisphere). The combined flow of the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers, which discharges freshwater into the Río de la Plata estuary (Lat. ∼36°S), often gives rise to a buoyant coastal current (the ‘Plata plume’) that extends northward along the continental shelf off Uruguay and Southern Brazil. Depending upon the prevailing rainfall, wind and tidal conditions, the Patos/Mirim Lagoon complex (Lat. ∼32°S) may also produce a freshwater outflow plume that expands across the inner continental shelf. Under these circumstances the Patos outflow plume can be embedded in temperature, salinity and current fields that are strongly influenced by the larger Plata plume. The purpose of this paper is to present observations of such an embedded plume structure and to determine the dynamical characteristics of the ambient and embedded plumes.     

Reactive transport in unsaturated soil: Comprehensive modelling of the dynamic spatial and temporal mass balance of water and chemical components

By implementing the moisture-based form of Richards’ equation into the geochemical modelling framework PHREEQC, a generic tool for the simulation of one-dimensional flow and solute transport in the vadose zone undergoing complex geochemical reactions was developed. A second-order, cell-centred, explicit finite difference scheme was employed for the numerical solution of the partial differential equations of flow and transport. In this scheme, the charge-balanced soil solution is treated as an assembly of elements, where changes in water and solute contents result from fluxes of elements across cell boundaries. Therefore, water flow is considered in terms of oxygen and hydrogen transport.     

西宁城市活动断裂地表特征初步研究

在详细的野外地质调查基础上, 通过开挖探槽剖面揭露了断层的基本性质, 初步展示了西宁市北川河东岸断裂、 南川河断裂和湟水河断裂的地表特征。 结合前人的阶地测定年代结果初步判断, 北川河东岸断裂错断相当于湟水河Ⅱ至Ⅲ级阶地, Ⅱ级阶地形成不晚于0.05 Ma, Ⅲ级阶地形成不晚于0.12 Ma, 说明该断裂是晚更新世活动断裂; 南川河断裂错断相当于湟水河Ⅳ、 Ⅴ级阶地, Ⅳ级阶地形成不晚于0.54 Ma, Ⅴ级阶地形成不晚于0.78 Ma, 说明该断裂是早中更新世活动断裂; 湟水河断裂错断其Ⅱ、 Ⅲ级阶地砾石层, 说明该断裂是晚更新世活动断裂。 这些断裂规模小、 活动性弱, 可能为盖层断裂。     

从两个地表破裂点的几何学与运动学特征分析汶川地震的破裂方式

汶川MS8.0地震的地表破裂出现在中央和前山2条断裂上,分别形成了235km和72km长的地震地表破裂带,而且地表破裂表现出复杂的几何学和运动学特征。文中选取了中央断裂上虹口乡桐麻坎和擂鼓镇石岩村2个地表破裂点,通过几何学与运动学特征分析其地表破裂方式。桐麻坎的白沙河河床上4条右阶斜列的主破裂西南侧发育了一条反冲断层坎,精细地形测量反映出了破裂带内的断块特征与破裂过程中的地表掀斜;擂鼓镇石岩村逆冲破裂前缘的2条次级断层形成叠瓦式结构,地貌上表现为挠曲和其上部的地震鼓包。该两点地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征分析表明,本次地震在龙门山中央断裂上的破裂方式以逆冲为主,兼有右旋走滑。这一结果与美国地质调查局、哈佛大学和中国地震台网中心提供的震源机制解基本一致。此外,桐麻坎和石岩村横切破裂带的地形剖面显示出不同的地表掀斜方向,这种不一致主要由于前者位于断裂挠曲后缘,后者位于断裂挠曲前缘     

Composition and sources of organic matter and its solvent extractable components in surface sediments of a bay under serious anthropogenic influences: Daya Bay, China

Organic matter of nine surface sediments from the Daya Bay was Soxhlet-extracted with a mixture of 2:1 (v/v) dichloromethane-methanol and separated into five fractions: non-aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, and fatty acids and asphaltenes, and analyzed to determine their bulk and biomarker composition. Marine autogenic input appears to be a major source of organic matter. Generally, non-aromatic hydrocarbons are the most dominant fraction of solvent-extractable organic matter (EOM) followed by the other four fractions in decreasing amounts: fatty acids and asphaltenes, ketones, alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons. On average, both non-aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and fatty acid and asphaltene fraction account for approximately 40% of EOM. The sources of acyclic methyl ketones, alkanols and fatty acids were examined. For n-alkan-2-ones, allochthonous input is a more important source than marine autogenetic input; the reverse is true for n-fatty acids; for n-alkanols, allochthonous and autogenetic inputs seem comparable. Both n-alkan-2-ones and n-fatty acids in the surface sediments of different areas appear to be derived from common sources.     

汶川MS 8.0地震地表破裂带

2008年5月12日14时28分4秒,四川省汶川县发生MS8.0大地震。发震断裂为龙门山断裂带中的映秀-北川断裂。该次地震的地表破裂可分成2条,分别出现在龙门山断裂带中的映秀-北川断裂、彭县-灌县断裂上,前者破裂长度约200km,后者破裂长度约80km。本次地震的最大垂直和右旋水平同震位移出现在都江堰市虹口乡附近的映秀-北川断裂上,分别为(5±0.2)m和(4.8±0.2)m。破裂带南段出露的地表断层产状为N32°E/NW∠76°,其上的侧伏角为S75°～80°W,反映了该次地震在南段以逆冲运动为主,兼有少量的右旋走滑分量     

Simplified approach for design of raft foundations against fault rupture. Part Ⅰ: free-field

Over the past few decades, earthquake engineering research mainly focused on the effects of strong seismicshaking. After the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan, and thanks to numerous cases where fault rupture causedsubstantial damage to structures, the importance of faulting-induced deformation has re-emerged. This paper, along withits companion (Part Ⅱ), exploits parametric results of finite element analyses and centrifuge model testing in developing afour-step semi-analytical approach for analysis of dip-slip (normal and thrust) fault rupture propagation through sand, itsemergence on the ground surface, and its interaction with raft foundations. The present paper (Part Ⅰ) focuses on the effectsof faulting in the absence of a structure (i.e., in the free-field). The semi-analytical approach comprises two-steps: the firstdeals with the rupture path and the estimation of the location of fault outcropping, and the second with the tectonically-induced displacement profile at the ground surface. In both cases, simple mechanical analogues are used to derive simplifiedsemi-analytical expressions. Centrifuge model test data, in combination with parametric results from nonlinear finite elementanalyses, are utilized for model calibration. The derived semi-analytical expressions are shown to compare reasonably wellwith more rigorous experimental and theoretical data, thus providing a useful tool for a first estimation of near-fault seismichazard.     

2009年9月29日萨摩亚群岛地区地震破裂过程快速反演

运用地震破裂过程快速反演方法,在2009年9月29日萨摩亚群岛地区地震发生后,采用全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带地震资料,快速反演了这次地震的破裂过程,并于震后3.5小时内得出了这次地震破裂过程的反演结果.结果表明,这次萨摩亚群岛地区地震的破裂过程具有如下基本特征:①矩震级约为MW8.0;②地震主要破裂持续时间约为138s;③滑动量在断层面上的分布比较复杂,整个地震破裂包含至少2个滑动量较大的区域;④这次地震基本上是一次单侧破裂事件,破裂主要朝向西北方向.     

玉树M_S7.1地震时空破裂过程及与地表破裂带的对应关系

根据IRIS全球地震台网15个台的长周期地震仪记录的P波资料,用远场体波地震图反演震源破裂过程的方式,研究了2010年4月14日玉树MS7.1地震震源破裂,并与震后调查地表破裂带做了对比。结果表明:玉树地震在总体上是一次单侧破裂事件,破裂从初始破裂点(即震源位置)开始向东南方向展开,破裂离震源20km处开始贯穿至地表,沿走向方向延伸了约50km,最大滑移量达2m。这些结果与震后考察得到的地表破裂带的特征十分吻合。     

鄂尔多斯地区上地幔岩石圈三维速度结构面波反演研究

双平面波拟合法是一种新的面波成像方法,反演中考虑地震波场中的非平面波成分,提高反演的分辨率.本文利用双平面波拟合法,反演获得鄂尔多斯地区上地幔岩石圈的速度结构.所用资料为国家数字地震台网69个宽频带地震仪和北京大学34个流动数字地震台观测到的地震波面波资料.首先从面波记录中提取了研究区域20~125 s瑞利波相速度频散曲线,进而得到各个周期瑞利波相速度异常分布图.结果显示,短周期瑞利波相速度异常与地表的构造特征吻合较好,中长周期的瑞利波相速度可以反映出上地幔岩石圈的速度异常分布以及构造特征.由研究区20~125 s的瑞利波相速度分布图可以反演得到地表到地下200 km范围内的三维剪切波速度结构.结果显示,鄂尔多斯块体内部稳定均一,活化或改造的痕迹不明显;鄂尔多斯块体西南缘受到青藏高原的强烈作用,有大量地幔物质流动的痕迹存在;中央转换带下超过200 km深度存在地幔物质上涌,可能与太平洋板块的俯冲和青藏高原板块的挤压有关.