地表数据驱动的与层相关的层间多次波消除方法及应用

基于反馈模型的地表相关多次波消除方法SRME(Surface-Related Multiple Elimination)近年来已得到了广泛的应用.利用共聚焦点CFP(Common Focus Point)道集代替炮集,可以将该方法扩展至层间多次波的消除.地表数据驱动的层间多次波消除方法直接利用地表观测数据进行层间多次波预测,避免了构建CFP道集所需的聚焦运算,特别是与层相关的层间多次波消除方法有效提高了多次波预测的计算效率.但地表数据驱动的与层相关的层间多次波消除方法并没有从理论上被严格地推导证明,其与CFP方法之间的关系亦未被讨论.本文在CFP方法的理论基础上推导了地表数据驱动的与层相关的层间多次波消除方法,阐明了CFP方法与地表数据驱动方法之间的内在联系.并将该方法应用于模型数据和野外实际数据,应用实例表明了所提方法的有效性.     

面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法

组合震源技术通过调节延迟激发时间和震源埋藏深度能够实现地震波场的定向传播,提高地震波的照明能量和地震数据信噪比.然而,目前国内外对基于特定目标的组合震源最佳聚焦方向的选取以及起伏地表组合震源定向理论的研究相对较少.在聚焦方向选取方面,目前基本是利用多种不同延时参数的组合震源分别进行试验,从而确定较好的组合震源延时参数.本文则利用爆炸反射面原理,在目的层界面上均匀布置震源同时激发地震波,能够产生垂直于地层界面传播的平面波,当初至波传播至地表时进行地表方向统计.根据互易性原理,以初至波传播方向的反方向为聚焦方向,激发产生的地震波主波束方向将垂直入射到目的层界面上,从而精确的计算出组合震源的最佳聚焦方向.在组合震源定向方面,目前主要是利用组合震源方向因子公式进行计算,但该方法要求震源布置在同一条直线上,并不能满足起伏地表的应用要求.本文以惠更斯-菲涅尔原理为理论基础,提出通过炮点向量在聚焦方向上的投影来确定组合震源传播至虚拟波前的走时,从而确定任意起伏地表组合震源的延迟激发时间.该方法不仅能够计算出沿给定地质模型的目的层界面垂直入射的组合震源聚焦方向,也能够确定任意起伏地表情况下形成沿该聚焦方向定向传播地震波场的组合震源延迟激发时间.因此,本文提出的面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法对组合震源数据采集具有理论与实践意义.     

走滑断层地震地表破裂带分布影响因素数值模拟研究——以1973年炉霍MS7.6地震为例

地震后在断层两侧的强变形与破裂带是地震灾害最严重的区域.为系统、定量研究同震地表变形带特征及其影响因素,本研究建立了走滑断层的三维有限元模型,分别探讨了断层位错量、断层倾角、错动方式、上覆松散层厚度、沉积层土性等因素的影响规律.模拟结果显示：走滑断层同震地表变形表现为以断层为中心的近似对称单峰分布,强地表变形集中在断层两侧各50 m宽度范围,地表变形量峰值随位错量增加而增大,破裂带宽度也随位错量增加而增大,但增量逐渐减小,并趋于一个渐近值;断层倾角对地表变形与破裂带宽度影响表现为随倾角减小变形量峰值点向上盘小距离偏移;走滑兼正断位错引起的变形量峰值最大,但地表破裂带宽度最小,走滑兼逆断引起的变形量峰值最小,但地表破裂带宽度最大,直立纯走滑断层的两参量都居中;走滑断层地表变形量峰值随上覆松散层厚度增大而减小,但随厚度减小的速率逐渐变小,松散层厚度从5 m增加到20 m时,破裂带宽度随厚度增加而缓慢增加,但自厚度大于20 m时,破裂带宽度开始随厚度增加而逐渐下降;当不同土性覆盖层（粗砂、粉砂、黏土）厚度相同时,地震引起的地表变形量峰值自粗砂、粉砂、黏土逐次增大,当粗砂厚度为60 m以上时,3.6 m的同震水平位错已不能形成地表破裂,而粉砂的厚度为70 m以上,黏土的厚度则为75 m以上.     

Die neue EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie: Bewertung der chemischen und ökologischen Qualität von Oberflächengewässern

The New EC Framework Water Directive: Assessment of the Chemical and Ecological Status of Surface Waters The main objective of the draft EC Framework Water Directive is the good quality of all surface waters. The directive provides for an assessment of the chemical status of surface waters (EU‐wide valid environmental quality standards for approximately 30 priority substances) and a five‐stage ecological classification of waters, comprising the stages high, good, moderate, poor, and bad. The starting point for the assessment are the reference conditions, which are defined as corresponding to high water quality and characterising a water status with no significant anthropogenic impact. The reference sites in the various water body types are to be selected using hydromorphological and physico‐chemical parameters and subsequently characterised by means of biological parameters. For surface waters, three groups of characteristics are provided for, namely: 1. with priority the biology – in the case of surface waters – with the four elements phytoplankton, macrophytes/phytobenthos, benthic invertebrate fauna, and fish fauna; 2. supporting the hydromorphology, e.g. flowing waters with the three elements hydrological regime, river continuity, and morphological conditions and 3. supporting the physico‐chemical conditions with the three elements general conditions, specific synthetic pollutants, and specific non synthetic pollutants (other than the priority substances of the chemical status).     

地震破裂模式的模糊模式识别

把几种可能的物理机制作为识别对象,定义了计算各识别对象与物理现象相符合的证据量．从这种思想出发,提出了判定强震破裂模式的模糊模式识别准则,只要把各识别对象的“证据量”带人这个识别准则,就可识别出某指定强震的地震破裂机制该方法被具体地应用于炉霍地震（1973,Ms＝7.9）破裂机制的识别,结果表明炉霍地震符合barrier破裂机制这个结论与有关炉霍地震破裂机制的地震学研究结果是完全一致的该方法比已有的其他方法更为简便,因此有推广价值.     

近30年我国高空风速变化趋势分析

1980-2006年间采用全国119个探空站14个等压面的月平均风速资料,分析了我国高空对流层和平流层下层风速变化的时间和空间特征,并和同期地面风速变化进行了对比.结果表明,我国近27年对流层中下层和对流层上层风速呈下降趋势,年平均风速线性变化速率分别为-0.10 m·s-1·(10a)-1和-0.17 m·s-1·(10a)-1,均未通过0.05显著性水平检验;平流层下层全国年平均风速呈上升趋势,上升速率为0.24 m·s-1·(10a)-1,亦未通过O.05显著性水平检验.同期全国地面风速则呈现更显著的降低趋势,年平均风速线性变化速率为-0.16 m·s-1·(10a)-1,通过了0.05显著性水平检验.我国地面气象站记录的平均风速减弱可能受到大尺度大气环流变化的影响,更可能与台站附近观测环境变化和城市化等人为因素影响有密切关系.     

SH波地表散射的局域边界元模拟

本文提出了一种计算不规则起伏地形中SH波散射的有效方法——局域边界元法.本方法基于传统边界元法,为计算复杂地表散射问题提供了一种更加高效的解决方案.根据地震波满足的边界积分方程中牵引力格林函数的特性,我们将自由边界分解成水平部分和起伏部分.通过公式推导,可将水平部分的位移由起伏部分的位移通过格林函数线性叠加表示,因此只需对起伏部分的位移进行直接求解,从而极大地减少了待求解的未知数个数,显著提高了计算效率.通过与半圆形山谷SH波平面波入射的解析解比较,验证了方法的正确性.数值模型比较显示,局域边界元模拟结果与传统边界元数值解完全吻合,但是大幅提高了计算效率.因此,局域边界元法可以作为模拟不规则地形中地震波散射的有效工具.     

Optimum size and density of surface grid arrays for retrieving accurate shear-tensile fracturing of microearthquakes

Surface arrays became an important tool for monitoring the induced seismicity in hydraulic fracturing experiments and for assessing the impact of fluid injection on the fracturing process of microearthquakes. The layout of sensors plays a key role in this task because it controls the accuracy of event locations and retrieved seismic moment tensors. We simulate various configurations of grid sensor arrays characterized by a different number of sensors, array span, sensor spacing, depth of sources and various shear/tensile source mechanisms of events. The moment tensor inversion is carried out using synthetically calculated P-wave amplitudes with added random noise. A bias in the solutions is evaluated by errors in the double-couple percentage of inverted moment tensors because the double-couple errors inform us about the sensitivity of the network to detect the shear/tensile fracturing mode of induced microearthquakes. The results show that the accuracy of the double-couple percentage is mostly controlled by the offset-to-depth ratio R defined as the ratio of half of the network size to the event depth. The optimum value of R is in the range of 0.75–1.5 irrespective of the type of the focal mechanism. If 121 (11 × 11) sensors are distributed in a regular grid and recorded data are characterized by a 10% random noise, the double-couple error is less than 6%. This error increases, if R is not optimum or if the number of sensors is reduced. However, even sparse arrays with 49 (7 × 7) or 16 (4 × 4) sensors can yield a reasonable accuracy, provided the surface grid arrays are designed to have an optimum size.     

Application of surface-wave tomography to mineral exploration: a case study from Siilinjärvi,Finland

In order to assess the feasibility and validity of surface-wave tomography as a tool for mineral exploration, we present an active seismic three-dimensional case study from the Siilinjärvi mine in Eastern Finland. The aim of the survey is to identify the formation carrying the mineralization in an area south of the main pit, which will be mined in the future. Before acquiring the data, we performed an accurate survey design to maximize data coverage and minimize the time for deployment and recollection of the equipment. We extract path-averaged Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves by means of a two-station method. We invert them using a computationally efficient tomographic code which does not require the computation of phase-velocity maps and inverts directly for one-dimensional S-wave velocity models. The retrieved velocities are in good agreement with the data from a borehole in the vicinity, and the pseudo three–dimensional S-wave velocity volume allows us to identify the geological contact between the formation hosting most of the mineralization and the surrounding rock. We conclude that the proposed method is a valid tool, given the small amount of equipment used and the acceptable amount of time required to process the data.     

云南45个湖泊硅藻-总磷转换函数及其定量重建评价

20世纪中期以来随着流域开发的增强,营养物质的流域输出与水体富集导致云南湖泊出现了持续的富营养化过程,对高原湖泊的生物群落构建和生态系统健康产生了重要影响。区域尺度上云南湖泊的现代监测时间较短(如<20年),无法为湖泊生态恢复提供可靠的营养水平背景值。因此,应用古湖沼学方法建立硅藻群落与营养水平指标的定量模型可为污染湖泊的富营养化历史重建与修复目标建立提供重要的定量分析手段。本文选取云南地区45个湖泊开展了表层沉积物硅藻群落的空间分布特征分析,结合湖泊水体的环境变量数据开展了影响硅藻群落构建的环境梯度识别,识别出水体总磷(TP)是驱动硅藻群落空间变化的关键环境因子(独立解释方差为4.54%,P<0.001)。进一步应用多元统计分析,建立了45个湖泊的表层沉积物硅藻与水体TP的转换函数。采用偏最小二乘加权平均回归(WA-PLS)方法建立的转换函数模型中,组分2的预测能力最强(R²_＿jack=0.465,RMSEP=0.396)。进一步结合星云湖沉积物硅藻群落的演替序列,定量重建了近百年来水体TP值的变化历史。重建结果与多年监测数据具...