城市下垫面空气动力学参数确定方法综述

地表粗糙度和零平面位移是2个重要的空气动力学参数,对于城市下垫面,粗糙元的形态非常复杂,空间分布上存在较大的非均匀性,如何确定城市下垫面地表粗糙度和零平面位移目前尚无最佳方案。概述了这2个参数适用于城市非均匀下垫面的参数化方法,包括风温观测方法和粗糙元形态学方法。探讨了各自在应用过程中存在的问题及进一步的研究工作,并且提出,通过数学模型的改进和卫星遥感技术的引入,粗糙元形态学方法会有更好的发展前景：     

从Himawari08卫星估算晴空地表长波辐射及其日变化特征初探

通过446183条全球晴空大气廓线的红外辐射传输模拟和统计回归,建立了由Himawari08成像仪通道遥测数据估算晴空地表上行、下行长波辐射通量的反演模式,模式应用于成像仪观测资料,处理出晴空地表上行、下行长波辐射通量实时产品,2016年2~6月的产品精度验证试验结果为:与相同时刻的AQUA卫星CERES仪器同类产品相比,地表上行通量均方根误差R_e=7.9 W/m2,相关系数R=0.9399,地表下行通量R_e=14.5 W/m2,R=0.9586;与由中国地面气象站地面气温和相对湿度观测经Brunt、Brutsaert经验公式计算的实时地表下行长波辐射通量相比,R_e=15.34 W/m2,R=0.8786;与用陆表温度计算的地表上行长波辐射通量相比,R_e=12.6 W/m2,R=0.9977。研究了2016年2、6月的晴空地表长波辐射产品,发现陆地晴空上、下行通量有着与太阳加热地表增温相应的明显日变化特征,峰值出现在12:00（当地时间,下同）至14:00,低谷出现在04:00至07:00,下行通量与上行通量几乎同步变化或约有延时,陆地上2个通量归一化的日变化指数类似一个半正弦曲线,而海面长波辐射通量则没有明显的日变化规律。     

中国东部春季极端降水与同期欧亚大陆地表感热的可能联系

利用1960~2010年ERA-20C再分析资料和中国东部站点降水观测资料,探讨了我国东部春季极端降水与欧亚大陆地表感热通量的联系和可能影响途径。结果发现,当春季欧亚大陆中纬度巴尔喀什湖以西及贝加尔湖以南区域地表感热通量偏弱（强）,我国东部沿海地区地表感热通量偏强（弱）时,我国东部春季极端降水呈现南少（多）北多（少）的反相分布特征。当春季欧亚大陆中纬度关键区地表感热偏弱,低纬度关键区地表感热通量偏强时,春季副热带西风急流偏弱、位置偏北,我国东部北方地区大气斜压不稳定和对流不稳定偏强,北方地区极端降水偏强,而南方地区大气斜压不稳定和对流不稳定偏弱,南方地区极端降水偏弱。当春季欧亚大陆中纬度关键区地表感热偏强,低纬度关键区地表感热通量偏弱,我国东部极端降水的情况大致相反。     

A Comparative Analysis of Transpiration and Bare Soil Evaporation

Transpiration E^v and bare soil evaporation E^b processes are comparatively analysed assuming homogeneous and inhomogeneous areal distributions of volumetric soil moisture content . For a homogeneous areal distribution of we use a deterministic model, while for inhomogeneous distributions a statistical-deterministic diagnostic surface energy balance model is applied. The areal variations of are simulated by Monte-Carlo runs assuming normal distributions of .The numerical experiments are performed for loam. In the experiments we used different parameterizations for vegetation and bare soil surface resistances and strong atmospheric forcing. According to the results theE^v()-^Eb() differences are great, especially in dry conditions. In spite of this, the available energy flux curves of vegetation A^v() and bare soil A^b() surfaces differ much less than the E^v() and ^Eb() curves. The results suggest that E^v is much more non-linearly related to environmental conditions than ^Eb. Both E^v and ^Eb depend on the distribution of , the wetness regime and the parameterization used. With the parameterizations, ^Eb showed greater variations than E^v. These results are valid when there are no advective effects or mesoscale circulation patterns and the stratification is unstable.     

青藏高原中西部下垫面对东亚大气环流季节转换影响的数值模拟

在NCAR的CCM3全球模式与RegCM2区域气候模式的基础上,发展了一个CCM3—RegCM2嵌套模式系统,并应用于研究改变青藏高原中西部地区下垫面特征对东亚地区大气环流季节转换的影响。结果表明:当青藏高原中西部地区植被遭到破坏,退化为沙漠时,使得该地区地面反照率增加,感热输送加强,气温升高,并在西风气流的作用下,30°N以北的东亚大部分地区气温增高,东亚大陆沿海的高度增加。同时,中纬度地区纬向气流减弱,经向气流增强,东亚大槽亦被削弱,整个东亚地区的季节转换将提前。     

城市热岛时空特征及其影响因素

城市热岛强度呈周期性和非周期性交叉性时间变化,水平分布呈现单中心式、多中心、条状、辐射状、格网状等多种格局形式,同时具有明显的立体空间分布特征。城市热岛的形成原因及影响因素诸多,主要归纳为人为热量释放、下垫面性质和结构、植被减少、大气污染、城市格局、天气状况等。     

Mosaic方法在非均匀下垫面上的适用性研究

在非均匀下垫面情况下, Mosaic方法是目前国际上广泛运用于模式中计算地表通量的方法.大量的研究表明, 下垫面的非均匀分布会引发局地环流, 非均匀分布的空间尺度较大时, 所引起的环流甚至可以达到海陆风的强度.这种环流的存在直接影响到次网格地表通量的计算.次网格地表非均匀分布, 尤其是大尺度模式中的次网格非均匀分布, 必将影响地表通量的计算.本文针对次网格地表非均匀问题, 设计了高分辨率的Mosaic试验和非均匀试验, 开展了不同背景风情况下的一系列数值试验, 以探讨这种影响的程度.结果表明, 在土壤湿度空间分布不均匀的情况下, 运用Mosaic方法计算得到的地表潜热通量偏小, 背景风较小的时候偏差较大, 背景风增强时偏差减小.     

IPCC A2情景下中国区域气候变化的数值模拟

在政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)排放情景特别报告 (SRES)的A2情景下,利用CSIRO Mark3海气耦合模式模拟现代和未来2个10年的模拟结果,驱动MM5区域气候模式进行中国未来区域气候变化的数值模拟试验,研究了IPCC A2情景下未来中国温度、降水和环流等的变化趋势.结果表明,(1)区域气候模式MM5V3能够再现气候平均环流、降水和温度分布的主要特征,具有较好的区域气候变化模拟能力;(2)IPCC A2情景下,未来中国平均地面气温将有明显的升高,特别是中国的东北、西北和西南地区增幅超过了1 ℃.冬季,地面平均气温的增幅由南至北逐渐增加;夏季,在内蒙和中国西南地区有明显的增温.伴随温度的升高,降水也有明显的变化,年平均降水在中国的东北地区、江淮流域及以南大部分地区都有明显的增强,而中国华北部分地区及西南、西北大部分地区降水将呈减少趋势.不同季节不同地区的降水变化也不同,秋季华北、华南和江淮地区降水都增加,而冬季减少.降水的年内变化也有所增强.     

Aerodynamic drag coefficient and roughness length for three seasons over a tropical western Indian station

Land Surface Processes Experiment (LASPEX) was conducted over semi-arid region of western India in 1997. As a part of this program, wind and temperature observations were taken using slow as well as fast response sensors over a semi-arid station Anand (22°35′N, 72°55′E) situated in Gujarat state of India. Turbulent parameters such as drag coefficient and sensible heat flux were estimated using eddy correlation method and aerodynamic roughness length was estimated using wind profiles. The analysis has been carried out for the data representing summer, monsoon and winter seasons. It was found that the wind speed does not exceed 5 ms^− 1 during the observational period considered in this study. Relationship of aerodynamic drag coefficient and roughness length with wind speed and stability has been investigated. Aerodynamic roughness length was greater in the stable conditions when the wind speed was low and it reduced drastically during convective conditions. The resulting values of aerodynamic roughness length and drag coefficient for the monsoon period agree well with values reported in literature over Indian subcontinent for homogeneous grass covered surfaces.     

Study Of `Soft' Night-Time Surface-Layer Decoupling Over Forest Canopies In A Land-Surface Model

The cause of a night-time land-surface model cold bias over forest canopies at threedifferent sites is studied in connection with various formulations of turbulent transferand the phenomenon of decoupling between the surface and the boundary layer. Themodel is the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS), a leading internationally knownmodel that has been tested over a variety of instrumented sites. The bias was first attributed to a deficient turbulent transfer and a few formulations were compared. One formulation is the classical log-linear profile with a sharp cut-off of the fluxes at a critical Richardsonnumber around 0.2, while in the other ones the flux decreases less rapidly with increasingstatic stability. While the surface-layer formulations have an impact on the modelled canopy temperature, other causes were found for the negative bias. The CLASS model neglected the heat capacity of the air trapped inside the canopy and its inclusion multiplied theeffective heat capacity of the canopy, by a factor ranging from 2.3 to 3.4 for the canopies studied, and reduced the error. A correction was also made to the air specific humidity at canopy level and the topsoil thermal conductivity was changed from that of organic matter to that of mineral soil. With these modifications, and using the incoming longwave radiative flux instead of the net longwave flux, the bias almost completely disappeared. Using ascheme with more heat transfer at large static stability, obtained by assuming that thefluxes decrease in magnitude with height in the surface layer, reduced the original biaswhile using the log-linear formulation amplified the cold bias. The impact of the turbulent transfer formulations is much reduced when they are applied to model runs in which the other above modifications have been made.The phenomenon of decoupling is presented and its understanding is complementedwith the new notions of `hard' versus `soft' decoupling and complete versus incompletedecoupling, depending on the impact decoupling has on the model and on the effectiveness of the model in achieving the decoupling. The geostrophic wind speed is a determiningfactor in separating cases of hard decoupling (rare) from the soft cases (frequent) while the completeness of the decoupling primarily depends on the form of the turbulent transfer curve as a function of static stability.