海底沉积物在应力-应变过程前后的微区变化特征

自1925年太沙基提出的“蜂窝状结构”概念以来,有关土和沉积物微结构分类研究取得了一系列重大成果[1-3].高国瑞[4]则研究分析了我国沿海海相沉积物的微结构类型和工程性质,梁元博等[5]提出典型堆垒结构和颗粒孔隙取向的海洋沉积物微结构模式,卢博等[6-7]对南海海底沉积物微结构影响物理力学性质以及提出的微结构分类研究,丰富了我国海底沉积物结构和微结构的微区分析研究.本文试图通过沉积物在应力一应变过程中的微区变化特征分析研究,为海底工程地质实践服务.     

New palaeomagnetic result from Vendian red sediments in Cisbaikalia and the problem of the relationship of Siberia and Laurentia in the Vendian

A palaeomagnetic study of Vendian red sediments from the Lena River section on the western margin of Lake Baikal in the region of Cisbaikalia (54°N, 108°E) has isolated a stable remanence with direction D = 296.3°, I = −27.7° (high-temperature component) and a corresponding pole of 2.7°S, 168.2°E. The primary nature of this remanence is confirmed from a positive fold test, dual polarities and the presence of detrital haematite. This result, together with all late Precambrian–Early Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from Siberia, indicates that Siberia occupied low latitudes during that time. It has been proposed on the basis of palaeomagnetic data that Laurentia occupied high latitudes during the Vendian, so it would appear that there cannot have been any Laurentia–Siberia connection at that time. A review of Vendian to Cambrian Laurentian palaeomagnetic data shows that such an interpretation is ambiguous. An alternative interpretation places Laurentia in low latitudes and confirms the Laurentia–Siberia fit of Hoffman (1991 ) and Pelechaty (1996 ). However, the lack of Late Vendian palaeomagnetic data for Siberia still allows the possibility that it could have occupied high latitudes during that time.     

白令海表层沉积物中的放射虫与海洋环境

通过对白令海 1 2个表层沉积物中微体生物化石放射虫的分析 ,共鉴别放射虫 2 4 72枚 ,计36属、45种。表层沉积物中放射虫的分布特点为 :1 .浅水陆架 -陆坡上部区的粉砂、细砂沉积物中放射虫化石数量少且属种单调。2 .陆坡下部区的火山碎屑及浊流沉积物中放射虫化石亦不丰富。3.海盆区粘土沉积物中的放射虫化石丰度高且分异度高。本区陆架放射虫化石的优势种为Spongotrochus glacialis.影响放射虫分布的主要因素为海流、地形、水深、水温等。另外 ,该区沉积物的物源主要为陆源沉积物、生物源沉积物和火山源沉积物 ,它们主要来源于俄罗斯东部的勘察加半岛、美国的阿拉斯加半岛及阿留申群岛     

Mechanisms of pore water organic matter adsorption to montmorillonite

The extent and mechanisms of adsorption of marine pore water organic matter to montmorillonite were studied in a series of batch and sequential adsorption experiments. Pore water natural organic matter (pNOM) and easily extracted natural organic matter (eNOM) were collected from Liberty Bay (Puget Sound, WA, USA) sediments. The pNOM and eNOM were each divided into two size fractions using a 1000 D ultrafilter. Batch adsorption isotherms were approximately linear, and the >1000 D fractions of both pNOM and eNOM had larger partition coefficients (K_d) than the <1000 D fractions. A two-component fit of the sequential adsorption data indicated that pNOM and eNOM contained a similar amount of NOM (30%) that was not surface reactive toward montmorillonite. After correcting the batch adsorption K_ds for the non-reactive components, the K_ds estimated by batch and sequential adsorption were identical (2.7 l/kg for >1000 D pNOM and eNOM, and 1.6 l/kg for <1000 D pNOM and eNOM). Mechanisms of adsorption were investigated by systematically changing conditions (pH, temperature and ionic composition) of >1000 D fractions during batch isotherm experiments. Adsorption of NOM was found to decrease with increased temperature, suggesting that hydrophobic effects were not the dominant adsorption mechanisms in this system. Ion exchange was also not an important adsorption mechanism because adsorption increased with ionic strength. The observed enhancement in adsorption with ionic strength indicated that van der Waals interactions were important in the adsorption of NOM. Ligand exchange was found to be a significant mechanism since the presence of SO₄²⁻ in solution reduced the amount of NOM adsorbed. Ca²⁺ enhanced adsorption slightly more than Na⁺, suggesting that cation bridging was involved. The relative contributions of van der Waals interactions, ligand exchange and cation bridging were estimated to be approximately 60%, 35% and 5%, respectively, for adsorption of NOM in a CaCl₂ solution.     

The magnetic properties of the recent sediments of Brothers Water, N W England

The magnetic properties of recent sediments from five short cores from Brothers Water in the English Lake District are compared with those from a set of catchment soil samples. From the comparison, it is concluded that bacterial magnetosomes have made a significant contribution to the magnetic properties of the sediments of the last five decades. This contribution is superimposed on a continuing erosive input of haematite-rich sediment from the parent materials of the catchment and may obscure any possible increase in surface soil input during recent times. The results highlight the difficulty of making sediment-source linkages where biogenic contributions to the magnetic properties of the sediment are important relative to the input of magnetic minerals from catchment erosion.     

澜沧江河道冲淤变化与来沙系数的格兰吉尔因果分析

采用格兰吉尔因果关系模型以及时间序列平稳性的ADF检验技术,结合23年的实测资料数据,分析了澜沧江天然来沙量的变化是否会导致澜沧江河道冲淤发生变化。结果发现:(1) 澜沧江历年来沙系数变化是一个不稳定的时间过程、但历年冲淤变化却是一个稳定的时间过程;(2) 澜沧江河道(允景洪断面)历年来沙系数变化对于冲淤变化不存在格兰吉尔因果关系,或前者对后者无预测关系,因此澜沧江河道来沙系数的增加(或减少)都不一定导致断面淤积量增大(或冲刷量增大)。前人得出的"随来沙系数的增大,断面淤积量有所增加,反之,则冲刷量增加"的结论值得商榷。     

珠江口磨刀门枯季表层沉积物特征

根据2003年12月在珠江口磨刀门附近水域采集的河口表层沉积物粒度分析资料,研究了磨刀门河口表层沉积物的组成、分布、运动等特征及其动力环境指示作用。研究表明,磨刀门口枯季表层沉积物组成以粉砂为主,其次为粘土和砂。表层沉积物平均中值粒径为6．356Ф(0．0122mm),表层沉积物的级配与悬沙的级配较接近。口门附近表层沉积物的中值粒径、分选性沿程没有明显的变化。枯季表层沉积物的形成以悬移质沉积为主,跃移和推移运动形式很少。磨刀门由于受人类活动的影响枯季表层沉积物与历史相比出现明显的细化,磨刀门口附近枯季表层沉积物的特征在一定程度上反映了枯季以潮流作用为主的相对较弱的动力环境。     

Measuring and modeling vertical gradients in suspended sediments in the Solimões/Amazon River

Accurately measuring sediment flux in large rivers remains a challenge due to the spatial and temporal cross‐sectional variability of suspended sediment concentrations in conjunction with sampling procedures that fail to accurately quantify these differences. This study presents a field campaign methodology that can be used to improve the measurement of suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon River or similarly large rivers. The turbidity signal and Rouse model are together used in this study to define the spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentrations in a river cross‐section, taking into account the different size fractions of the sediment. With this methodology, suspended sediment fluxes corresponding to each sediment class are defined with less uncertainty than with manual samples. This paper presents an application of this methodology during a field campaign at different gauging stations along a 3,000‐km stretch of the Solimões/Amazon River during low water and flood periods. Vertical concentration profiles and Rouse model applications for distinctive sediment sizes are explored to determine concentration gradients throughout a cross‐section of the river. The results show that coupling both turbidity technology and the Rouse model may improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of different sediments fractions sizes in the Solimões/Amazon River. These data are very useful in defining a pertinent monitoring strategy for suspended sediment concentrations in the challenging context of large rivers.