黔中喀斯特丘原区小河水库沉积物的 矿物磁性特征及其土壤侵蚀意义 *

对贵州中部小河水库的沉积物柱芯XS-1进行矿物磁性分析(χ_lf,ARM,IRM_20mT,SIRM 和IRM_-300mT)并计算了HIRM,χ_ARM 和χ_ARM/SIRM。主要根据沉积物的矿物磁性特征, 将这一岩芯的主要部分划分为11个小段。 通过解译这些矿物磁性参数,结合完成的¹³⁷ Cs、粒度、TOC和C/N比值分析结果,定性地推测了过去45年(1960~2005年)小河水库所在汇水流域内的土壤侵蚀变化。在此基础上,通过对各阶段平均磁性参数的主成分分析,得到各阶段土壤侵蚀的相对强度变化的定量信息,并结合人类活动和降水资料初步探讨了影响土壤侵蚀的相对强度变化的主要因素。结果表明,1960~1968年、1973~1974 年和1998~2000 年是小河流域内土壤侵蚀最为严重的3个阶段。1960~1968年人类砍伐树木是造成该阶段土壤侵蚀强烈的主要原因,而1973~1974年和1998~2000年流域内土壤侵蚀强烈则是由于降水的偏多造成的。1968年以来,夏季降水是影响土壤侵蚀变化的主要因素。     

Measurement of vertical environmental-head profiles in unconfined sand aquifers using a multi-channel manometer board

The vertical hydraulic gradient in an unconfined sand aquifer frequently exceeds the horizontal gradient when measured close to a surface discharge boundary, around an abstraction bore or close to a saline interface. The vertical gradient can be efficiently investigated using a multi-channel manometer board connected to a bundled piezometer installed using hollow-stem-auger-drilling techniques. The design and construction of a manometer board is described. Manometer board data from a site in a 30-m-deep fresh-water aquifer adjacent to a pumping bore are described. The bore is screened in the lower part of the aquifer and the impacts of partial penetration are evident on the manometer board results. Data are then described from the centre of a coastal sand spit where fresh water overlies saline water. Fluid electrical conductivity measurements from the individual tubes of the bundled piezometer are used to derive fluid density at each of the bundled piezometer ports. The average fluid density of water above the mini-piezometer port at each depth is then calculated using Gaussian quadrature. The environmental-water head profiles are compared to point-water and fresh-water head profiles and the implications of the incorrect use of point-water or fresh-water head vertical profiles are clearly demonstrated.     

Determination of Trace Elements (Ag, B, Ge, Mo, Sn, W, Tl) in Reference Samples of Soils and Bottom Sediments by Atomic Emission Spectrometry: A Traceability and Fitness-for-Purpose Study

Reference samples of soils from the Institute of Applied Physics, Irkutsk (RIAP), the Institute of Geochemistry, Irkutsk (IGI) and the United States Geological Survey, Reston (USGS) were analysed with the aim of determining Ag, B, Ge, Mo, Sn, Tl and W abundances by an atomic emission method with air-stabilised D.C. arc excitation. Two series of reference samples of soils and bottom sediments, GSS-1-8 and GSD-1-12 (IGGE), were used to ensure the traceability link for the analytical results. Traceability was also demonstrated through the comparison of measured results by AES and ICP-MS methods. It is shown that the reference samples GSS-1-8 and GSD-1-12 satisfied the "fitness-for-purpose" criterion (uncertainty U of the certified value should be one-third to one-tenth the magnitude of routine laboratory data uncertainty S (S/U > 3-10)) and can be applied for calibrating AES techniques.     

Siliceous-clayey rocks of the Jurassic accretionary prism, Khekhtsir Range, Sikhote Alin: Stratigraphy and genesis

Lithologic-stratigraphic aspects of siliceous-clayey rocks forming the Khabarovsk terrane of the Jurassic accretionary prism were studied in western spurs of the Bol’shoi Khekhtsir Range on the left side of the Ussuri River (Ussuri-Khekhtsir section). Two defined types of the examined section differ in the composition, age, and origin of their constituting rocks. The northern segment of the section is composed of middle Bajocian red-brown siliceous-tuffaceous silty and olive-gray silty mudstones that accumulated in the hemipelagic domain under the influence of continental provenance. Its southern segment is represented by lower Bathonian olive-gray siliceous mudstones, mudstones barren of any admixtures, and yellowish brown tuffaceous mudstones deposited far away from the continent in waters with abundant radiolarians. It is shown that these rocks are elements of two tectono-stratigraphic complexes that reflect different stages in the accretionary prism formation.     

Manganese metalliferous sediments of the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk): Chemical composition and geological setting

This paper reports the results of an investigation of the chemical composition and distribution of manganese-rich metalliferous sediments in the Deryugin Basin. They compose an upper sedimentary layer up to 30 cm thick within a strip up to 40 km wide and 180 km long in the central part of the basin along the East Deryugin suture zone bounding the Deryugin sedimentary basin to the east. The sediments are enriched relative to the regional background composition in Mn (by a factor of 35); Au; Ni; Zn; Co (by a factor of 3–5); and, locally, in Mo, V, Ba, Cu, Pb, and Hg. It was supposed that their formation was controlled by several processes: precipitation of Mn and some other trace elements from hydrothermal plumes of seawater that occasionally form above submarine hot vents in the northern part of the basin, precipitation from anoxic bottom waters at the eastern boundary of the Deryugin sedimentary basin, and early diagenetic migration of Mn into the surface sediments.     

Mineralogical and geochemical indicators of anoxic sedimentation conditions in local depressions within the Sea of Okhotsk in the late Pleistocene-Holocene

This paper reports specific mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of deposits from the local depressions of the Derugin Basin. They were formed in an environment with periodic changes from oxic to anoxic conditions and show evidence for the presence of hydrogen sulfide in bottom waters. The deposits of this type can be considered as a modern model for ancient ore-bearing black shale associations. Compared with typical metalliferous black shale sequences, which are characterized by high contents of organic matter, the sediments described here are depleted in the elements of the organophilic association (Mo, Ni, Cu, Zn, V, and U) but have higher Mn contents.     

海南岛西部八所组上部砂质沉积物的成因及其环境意义

海南岛西海岸地区砂质沉积物广泛发育。对昌化棋子湾剖面砂质沉积物的TL(热释光）测年表明，该地层沉积于32.1±3.30~10.30±1.30 ka BP间，归属于上更新统八所组上部。通过对该地层沉积构造特征、粒度特征和石英颗粒扫描电镜分析，显示本区八所组上部自下而上为“风成砂—弱成壤—风成砂—冲积砂—风成砂”沉积“相序”，八所组上部总体上以厚层风成相为主，夹短周期气候波动引起的薄层河流相(Ⅱ层)和弱成壤风成相(Ⅳ层)沉积，与本区八所组陆相冲洪积成因地层为同期异相地层。由此说明，末次冰期时南海北部受冰期气候影响，海平面大幅度下降，大陆架广泛出露，局部沙漠化，并成为海岸风成沉积的物源区。     

ESR chronology of the Somme River Terrace system and first human settlements in Northern France

The Somme Valley, Northern France, is famous for its archaeological sequence, where numerous rich Palaeolithic sites, such as Saint-Acheul, the type site of the Acheulian, have been discovered. The archaeological levels are often directly associated with fossil alluvial sediments of the River Somme or with slope deposits, including loess and palaeosols. In the middle reaches of the valley, near Amiens, the system of fossil-stepped fluvial terraces is particularly well developed and preserved, and occurs on 10 alluvial formations. These terraces, from +5 to +55 m above the present-day valley bedrock, allow the study of the environmental changes and the human settlement of this area through the Pleistocene.

Since 1988, ESR dating was systematically applied on bleached quartz extracted from the fossil fluvial deposits, in order to better describe the geological evolution of the stepped system. More recently, U-series/ESR dating has also been performed on teeth collected from the different terrace deposits. Here we present a synthetic review of the main ESR results, and propose an ESR chronology for the geological evolution of the Somme fluvial system and for the Middle Pleistocene human settlement of northern France.     

Global correlation for strontium isotope curve in the Late Cretaceous of Tibet and dating marine sediments

87Sr/86Sr ratios of marine carbonate samples collected from a sedimentary section of the Late Cretaceous in the south of Tibet were measured. Based on the absence of cathodo-luminescence and a very low Mn/Sr ratio (average 0.06) of the samples, it is thought that they contain information on the original seawater strontium isotope composition. The strontium isotope evolution curve of the Late Cretaceous in Tibet we established here, is consistent with other coeval curves from Europe, North America and Antarctica, supports the notion that the strontium isotope composition of seawater is governed by global events, which provides a new approach for the inter-continental and inter-basinal correlations of Late Cretaceous in the area and is a complementarity for biostratigraphy. In addition, we attempt to determine the age of the boundaries for Campanian/Santonian and Maastrichtian/Campanian by 87Sr/86Sr ratios for Gamba section in southern Tibet. The two boundaries are located in the thickness of 217 m (83.5 M     

Heavy metals contents on beach and dune sediments from Espinho to Mondego Cape (Portugal)—influence of human activities

Following previous studies on beach and dune sediments from the Espinho–Mondego Cape coastal sector, geochemical studies have been done on the same sediments aiming to unravel the lithological from the anthropogenic geochemical signal. 129 samples have been collected from 45 profiles, in beach and dune sediments. Total Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Ca, Mg and Al concentrations were measured in the fine fractions of the sediments. The absence of relationship between the analysed heavy elements and Al and the exhibition of contents higher than the rocks outcropping in the hinterland, point to an additional source of heavy metals related to human activities. The available data allowed us to consider that inputs from Aveiro lagoon (natural and anthropogenic), Douro River and coastal erosion (by littoral drift or advective currents) are the main sources of heavy metals in this region.