ENSO-7赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的循环

近几年的一系列分析研究表明，ENSO与异常东亚冬季风之间有相互影响，持续的强（弱）东亚冬季风通过引起赤道西太平洋地区的西（东）风异常对El Niño/La Niña的发生起着重要作用；赤道太平洋次表层海温异常（SOTA）的年际变化（循环）与ENSO发生有密切关系；ENSO的真正源在西太平洋暖池，暖池正（负）SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传到东太平洋，便导致El Niño/La Niña的爆发；在暖池正（负）SOTA沿赤道东传的同时，有负（正）SOTA沿10°N和10°S纬度带向西传播，从而构成SOTA的循环；热带太平洋SOTA循环的驱动者是赤道西太平洋的异常纬向风。进而可以认为：ENSO实质上是主要由异常东亚季风引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的年际循环。     

森林小流域的降雨出流机制的探讨

本文简述了森林小流域中降雨—截流—下渗—地中水—地表水各个环节的作用。作者认为,在降雨出流过程中,下渗和土壤中的快速流是非常重要的部分,而地表出流所占的比例是比较小的。一般来说,森林土壤的下渗率比较大,森林流域的贮水能力也是很可观的。这些就决定了森林流域的产流不是霍顿产流,也不同于现在流行的许多产流理论和模式。在湿润地区形成产流区时的特点并非是表层土壤首先饱和,而是地下水位或被地下水支持的饱和毛细管带上升到表面附近使该区发生饱和,因而产生以及维持这种饱和状态所需的垂直下渗和地中水的侧向补给是流域是否发生产流的先决条件之一,而地表流可认为是回归流。此外,流域地中水产流对降雨响应过程可认为是由作用在毛细管带中的水的压力平衡受破坏而引起的,这个压力通过毛细管带传递到饱和带。作用在毛细管带中的水的压力平衡受破坏的原因可以是封存在土壤中的被瞬间压缩的空气压力作用,也可以是降雨直接接触到已发展至地表的非饱和毛细管带的上缘。     

基于GRAIL重力数据的月球深部断裂识别和空间分布研究

月球深部断裂是研究月球早期应力场演化和动力机制的一类重要构造.本文基于GRAIL月球重力数据计算了全月布格重力梯度,在此基础上对月球深部断裂进行了全球绘制,共识别月球深部断裂226条.计算了断裂的长度和走向等基本参数,断裂总长度达到37137 km,平均长度为164 km.统计月球深部断裂在不同范围内的分布情况,发现多数断裂分布在月球的中低纬度地区,且北半球的断裂多于南半球.此外,大型月海集中区所在的纬向带断裂分布最多,断裂经向分布最多的区域为风暴洋的西侧.从全球尺度和不同经纬度带绘制断裂走向玫瑰花图,总体上月球全球尺度上的深部断裂表现出NE-SW和NW-SE的优势走向,不同经度带断裂的优势走向变化不明显,但在纬度带上有显著的变化.南北半球的中纬度带和高纬度带具有相同的优势走向,分别为NE-SW和NW-SE、E-W,在低纬度带的优势走向有所差异,分别是南半球的NE-SW和NW-SE以及北半球的N-S.

     

张北-尚义地震前的地下流体异常及其跟踪预报

张北－尚义地震前华北北部地区存在为期两年以上的地下流体高值中期异常;近一年来该区地下流体异常此起彼落并与某些中等或中强地震活动遥相呼应;震前两个月距震中１００～２００ｋｍ的地区出现典型的地下流体短临异常。两年来跟踪上述异常,不断修正对震情形势的认识,震前半个月做出较为成功的短临预报     

Tracing Subsurface Fluid Anomalies Before Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake and Prediction of the Earthquake

High-value subsurface fluid anomalies appeared in the northern part of North China region for more than two years before the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake. Some of the anomalies have appeared alternately and were correlated with moderate and moderately strong earthquakes in the region during the last year (1997). Typical short-term subsurface fluid anomalies have appeared in the area at 100 km ~ 200 km distance from the epicenter for two months before an earthquake. Tracing these anomalies during the last two years and repeatedly improving the knowledge of seismic regime, we have more successfully performed short-term and imminent earthquake prediction at half a month before its occurrence.     

Precipitation of iron in microbial mats of the spring waters of Borra Caves,Vishakapatnam, India: some geomicrobiological aspects

The Borra caves, Vishakapatnam, India, can be described as a speleothem cave with significant amounts of unexplored microbial mats in spring waters. Here, we present the first observations and hypotheses on the possible impact of the microorganisms in these mats on the cave formation, focusing on their role on iron mineral precipitation. The spring waters (pH neutral 7.5–7.7) contained dissolved metals like iron and the organic mat sludge (pH 7.0–7.3) had a TOC content of approximately 5.4 wt%. Geochemically, the spring waters deep below the microbial mats contained Fe 369 ppb, Sr 198 ppb; and the organic mat sludge contained Mg 9 ppm, Fe 427 ppb, Zn 149 ppb, Sr 190 ppb. XRD observations displayed Fe minerals (dominantly hematite), minor amounts of zinc gallium sulfide and nitrofuryl compounds. At least four groups of bacteria identified by direct microscopy and SEM-EDX on the basis of morphology could be observed in all samples: Leptothrix-like organisms, entombed bacterial mineral sheaths, a few stalks of Gallionella-like organisms and some additional bacteria that could not be further identified. Leptothrix-like organisms contained 43.22–60.08 wt % Fe and the mineral precipitated near and around these bacteria (in the actual unaltered samples on site) contained 30.76–45.22 wt% Fe as identified and quantified by SEM-EDX. This study indicates that the precipitation of these iron-rich mats in the spring waters could be linked to the presence of abundant active communities of iron precipitating bacteria at Borra caves, Vishakapatanam.     

Nonlinear two-point flux approximation for modeling full-tensor effects in subsurface flow simulations

Subsurface flow models can exhibit strong full-tensor anisotropy due to either permeability or grid nonorthogonality effects. Upscaling procedures, for example, generate full-tensor effects on the coarse scale even for cases in which the underlying fine-scale permeability is isotropic. A multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) is often needed to accurately simulate flow for such systems. In this paper, we present and apply a different approach, nonlinear two-point flux approximation (NTPFA), for modeling systems with full-tensor effects. In NTPFA, transmissibility (which provides interblock connections) is determined from reference global flux and pressure fields for a specific flow problem. These fields can be generated using either fully resolved or approximate global simulations. The use of fully resolved simulations leads to an NTPFA method that corresponds to global upscaling procedures, while the use of approximate simulations gives a method corresponding to recently developed local–global techniques. For both approaches, NTPFA algorithms applicable to both single-scale full-tensor permeability systems and two-scale systems are described. A unified framework is introduced, which enables single-scale and two-scale problems to be viewed in a consistent manner. Extensive numerical results demonstrate that the global and local–global NTPFA techniques provide accurate flow predictions over wide parameter ranges for both single-scale and two-scale systems, though the global procedure is more accurate overall. The applicability of NTPFA to the simulation of two-phase flow in upscaled models is also demonstrated.     

盐湖水文地质研究进展

盐湖水文地质学是揭示盐湖成因演化、资源开发利用及保护中不可缺少的一门学科。本文利用水文地质学的内容归纳国内外盐湖水文地质学的研究进展,并对我国盐湖水文地质研究提出扼要的展望。     

地下卤水水文地质研究进展

基于水文地质学的研究内容和研究方法揭示地下卤水的成因演化规律、地下卤水与其它圈层的相互作用,以及在地下卤水开采过程中的水盐均衡和环境地质问题是合理可持续开发利用地下卤水资源的前提和要点。从地下卤水的成因、地下卤水的循环、地下卤水的开采和地下卤水的保护四个方面较为全面地归纳了国内外的研究进展,并简略提出了针对我国地下卤水研究的展望。     

地下流体观测环境的评估指标干扰度

地震地下流体观测中的环境干扰问题变得越来越严重, 影响了地震监测预报的效能。 如何评估这种干扰, 更加有效地保护台站的观测环境, 是当前我国地震地下流体观测研究中的重大课题。 经过一年多的研究, 提出了评估地下流体观测环境的技术指标干扰度, 并进一步规定了水位、 水温、 水氡与水汞观测环境的允许干扰度。 干扰度是指各类干扰引起的异常变化幅度与正常时段最大变化幅度的相对百分比值。 允许干扰度的规定, 是依据各类观测得到的地震前兆异常量的大小, 一般采用异常量百分比的最小值。