潜流湿地中微生物对三峡库区微污染水净化效果的影响

为了探讨潜流湿地对三峡库区微污染河水的净化效果,在野外构建芦竹、菖蒲、空心菜和无植物(空白)水平潜流人工湿地,研究人工湿地系统中微生物基本菌群和功能菌群数量分布,探讨污染物去除与微生物菌群种类和数量的相关性.结果表明:实验湿地系统运行情况良好,植物湿地系统对各污染物指标的去除效果优于空白湿地系统;芦竹、菖蒲、空心菜和空白湿地系统的微生物数量均随温度的降低而减少,其中,植物湿地系统的微生物数量高于空白系统;各湿地系统的微生物数量与水质指标去除率之间的相关性较强,在夏季,不同人工湿地系统的细菌总数与CODMn的去除率之间存在着显著的正相关,真菌、亚硝酸细菌总数与铵氮去除率之间均存在着显著的正相关,在冬季,不同人工湿地系统的反硝化细菌总数与总氮去除率之间存在着显著的正相关.     

盐湖水文地质研究进展

盐湖水文地质学是揭示盐湖成因演化、资源开发利用及保护中不可缺少的一门学科。本文利用水文地质学的内容归纳国内外盐湖水文地质学的研究进展,并对我国盐湖水文地质研究提出扼要的展望。     

The effect of non divergence-free velocity fields on field scale ground water solute transport

Solute plume subjected to field scale hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity shows a large dispersion/macrodispersion, which is the manifestation of existing fields scale heterogeneity on the solute plume. On the other hand, due to the scarcity of hydraulic conductivity measurements at field scale, hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity can only be defined statistically, which makes the hydraulic conductivity a random variable/function. Random hydraulic conductivity as a parameter in flow equation makes the pore flow velocity also random and the ground water solute transport equation is a stochastic differential equation now. In this study, the ensemble average of stochastic ground water solute transport equation is taken by the cumulant expansion method in order to upscale the laboratory scale transport equation to field scale by assuming pore flow velocity is a non stationary, non divergence-free and unsteady random function of space and time. Besides the stochastic explanation of macrodispersion and the velocity correction term obtained by Kavvas and Karakas (J Hydrol 179:321–351, 1996) before a new velocity correction term, which is a function of mean pore flow velocity divergence, is obtained in this study due to strict second order cumulant expansion (without omitting any term after the expansion) performed. The significance of the new velocity correction term is investigated on a one dimensional transport problem driven by a density dependent flow field.     

张北-尚义地震前的地下流体异常及其跟踪预报

张北－尚义地震前华北北部地区存在为期两年以上的地下流体高值中期异常;近一年来该区地下流体异常此起彼落并与某些中等或中强地震活动遥相呼应;震前两个月距震中１００～２００ｋｍ的地区出现典型的地下流体短临异常。两年来跟踪上述异常,不断修正对震情形势的认识,震前半个月做出较为成功的短临预报     

Reconstruction of subsurface DIC and alkalinity fields in the North Pacific using assimilation of upper ocean data

The subsurface water beneath the summer mixed layer is important to air–sea carbon flux, while its geochemical properties are not frequently observed. A data assimilation method is applied to determine the geochemical fields in the subsurface (i.e., 100 m) from the data collected at the surface in the North Pacific. This method, in the family of the inverse methods, is constructed on a one-dimensional bulk mixed layer model. In addition to temperature and salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity are also considered as model variables, whereas biological productivity is omitted. The geochemical properties increase from the fall to the winter, which is the period simulated by the model, as the mixed layer develops and entrains subsurface water rich in DIC and alkalinity. Consequently, the geochemical fields in the mixed layer must have extremely sharp north–south gradients in the western region of the North Pacific and can be reproduced only by enhancing the north–south gradients in the subsurface. The fields reconstructed by the data assimilation provide useful information about the biogeochemical cycles. It is suggested that the large difference in DIC between the surface and the subsurface in the northwestern region is produced by transporting DIC from the mixed layer to the subsurface in the summer, implying extremely high biological productivity. Furthermore, it is suggested that high DIC in the ambient water is maintained by the upwelling of lower layer water.     

海洋次表层叶绿素最大值的特征因子及其影响因素

在多数情况下,海水中叶绿素垂直分布是不均匀的。次表层叶绿素最大值是其中较为常见的一种形式,普遍存在于大洋及沿岸海域。次表层叶绿素最大值层(SCML)的深度、厚度与强度是表征海洋次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)现象的主要特征因子,受海洋水文环境、营养盐分布以及浮游植物种类等因素共同影响,在不同季节不同海区的分布有较大差异。总体上,相对近海,大洋中SCML特征因子的季节变化较小,SCML深度较大,厚度较大,强度较小。寡营养盐海区SCML深度及强度的影响因素研究已有较明确结论,SCML深度主要受物理因素(光照条件及水体混合程度)影响,而强度则受物理、生物因素(光照条件、水体混合程度或浮游动物摄食等)共同影响。近海富营养盐海区,SCML特征因子的影响因素研究较为薄弱。长时间序列、高分辨率观测站在相应海区的建立,对推进海洋SCM,尤其是近海SCM的研究有重要意义。卫星观测、现场观测和数学模型相结合,定量研究SCML特征因子与各物理、生物、化学因子的普适性关系,是进一步研究SCML特征因子的重要方向之一。     

张北地震地下流体异常场的研究

对比研究了张北M_S 6. 2和MS5. 6地震前地下流体异常时空演化特征。结合二次地震前的地震活动图像及其迁移规律, 二次地震所产生的地表宏观裂度与地震的震源机制解, 研究结果认为: 地下流体趋势异常空间分布受区域构造格局控制; 短期异常具有重复性, 可能受震源机制影响; 短期异常的强度、临震异常形态的差异性以及地震宏观破裂的差异性与地震强度和交替活动的构造有关; M_S 5. 6地震应为M_S 6. 2地震后该地区能量的进一步释放, 并且是NE向构造带与近EW向构造带交替活动的结果; 二次地震前的短期异常主要沿着近EW向张家口-渤海构造带分布, 可能说明近EW 向张家口-渤海构造带活动水平高于N E向山西构造带。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前后地下流体远场效应的研究

分析了北天山地区地下流体的动态观测资料，发现在2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震前后，新疆北天山地区多个流体监测点的测项出现了明显的异常变化，其特征主要表现为：地下流体地球化学预测出现高值异常、油气井震前发生井喷、地下流体水动态则出现同震振动效应和震后阶跃变化。最后，对比分析了新疆及邻区7级以上地震和6级强震群对北天山地区地下流体的影响，并认为强震的地下流体远场效应与震中距离具有明显的关系。     

Subsurface hydrology of layered colluvium mantles in unchannelled valleys—south-Eastern Brazil

The effects of subsurface hydrology on the evolution of erosive processes inside layered colluvium mantles in unchannelled valleys are investigated. Tensiometer nests are installed in different morphological conditions with their specific depths controlled by the subsurface structure of the colluvium mantle. Daily readings (during one year) and physical and mechanical analyses of the different colluvium layers are carried out. In spite of a highly discontinuous subsurface structure, present topography is the major factor controlling subsurface flow in this landscape. Paleotopographic features, usually resulting from the lateral mobilization of the previous topographic hollow axis, can locally control the preferential expansion of the saturated zone towards areas other than the present hollow axis. During rainy periods, pressure head at the base of the hollow axis increases towards a maximum value which is not increased by subsequent precipitation inputs. New water input is dissipated by direct precipitation onto the saturated zone and exfiltration by seepage at the gully head walls, precluding the development of the excess pore pressures required to trigger failure by landsliding.     

夏垫隐伏断裂土壤气氡分布特征的初步研究

通过横切夏垫隐伏断裂的土壤气氡剖面测量，作者发现，土壤气氡的正异常区位于该隐伏断裂上盘的地表投影区内，断裂附近的土壤气氡等值线分布表明，沿夏垫隐伏断裂，气氡等值线有一个明显的梯度带。