沉水植物生长对沉积物间隙水中的氮磷分布及界面释放的影响

采集未破坏沉积物结构的柱状沉积物样品,通过室内41 d的培养实验,研究了沉水植物生长过程对间隙水中NH_4~ -N和PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度的动态影响,分析了沉水植物生物量与沉积物中氮磷释放通量的对应关系．结果表明：随沉水植物生长和生物量增加,上部0-5 cm沉积物垂向各层间隙水中NH_4~ -N含量呈逐步降低,表现出沉积物-水界面氮的释放通量与沉水植物生物量存在负相关性;而间隙水PO_4~(3 )-P含量则随沉水植物生长呈单峰型变化,磷释放通量与生物量相关性不明显．初步反映沉水植物在沉积物的生长过程中对氮磷吸收的生物地球化学机制是不同的．     

沉水植物氧化塘对污水厂尾水深度净化效果与机制的小试研究

室外采用玻璃缸装置研究了抚仙湖常见的9种沉水植物氧化塘对澄江县污水厂尾水营养盐的去除效果及机制.结果表明:氧化塘中沉水植物的光合作用导致水体较高的DO和pH值,从而提高氧化塘总氮和总磷的去除率,但沉水植物叶片的腐烂分解则提高了水体氮磷的含量.沉水植物氧化塘对总氮和总磷的去除率分别介于19.44%-64.71%和28.13%-98.33%.沉水植物的直接吸收对总氮和总磷量去除的贡献比较低,占氧化塘总氮和总磷量的0.26%-1.54%和0.47%-1.77%.沉水植物氧化塘内DO、pH变化,促进了氮的降解及氧化还原分解,使其对氮的去除占氧化塘总氮量的30.71%-65.25%,而磷的去除则主要通过化学沉淀及基质吸附,占氧化塘总磷量的73.37%-93.34%.最终,选出蓖齿眼子菜、苦草、黑藻、金鱼藻和光叶眼子菜对氧化塘中氮磷具有较高的去除率.     

沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵与水体磷循环的关系

水体磷循环是水柱和对应的沉积物中发生的各种非生物和生物的磷迁移转化过程.与此同时,沉积物中钙通过沉水植物吸收和转运,从该类植物的叶面释放至水柱中,释放的Ca2+与水柱中的CO23-一起形成碳酸钙.在这一过程中,水柱中少量溶解性磷分配在碳酸钙中形成CaCO3-P共沉淀,导致水体中可溶性磷向难溶性磷转化,这种由沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵在水体磷循环中发挥着重要作用.研究证明,沉水植物菹草叶面上有CaCO3-P共沉淀的形成,且这种共沉淀的含磷量变化范围很宽.另一方面,新近沉积物中钙与磷的沉淀物存在一个由聚磷酸盐向磷灰石逐渐演变过程,而沉水植物叶面上的含磷共沉淀作用是否也存在由聚磷酸盐向磷灰石的变质过程,该过程在沉水植物生长期间是否发生关系到沉水植物除磷效果值得深入研究.本文从水体磷循环概述、钙在水体磷循环中的作用和沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵假说及其在水体磷循环中的意义等方面综述了钙在水环境中的迁移对水体磷循环的贡献.     

滇池沉水植物生长过程对间隙水氮、磷时空变化的影响

2015年6-10月通过原位采集滇池沉水植物分布区和无植物对照区柱状沉积物间隙水,分析其溶解性总氮(DTN)和溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性无机氮(DIN)和溶解性无机磷(DIP)及溶解性有机氮(DON)和溶解性有机磷(DOP)浓度的时空变化,探讨沉水植物分布对间隙水氮、磷浓度、形态贡献及氮磷比的影响.结果表明:滇池沉水植物生长过程显著影响间隙水氮、磷浓度.与无植物对照区相比,沉水植物生长过程对间隙水氮浓度的削减主要发生在6、8月,而对间隙水磷浓度的削减主要发生在7月,反映了沉水植物对氮、磷两种元素的生物地球化学循环作用机制不同;间隙水氮形态贡献受季节性影响较大,6-7月以DON贡献为主,沉水植物分布区和无植物对照区分别达到61%和84%;而8-10月以DIN贡献为主,沉水植物分布区和无植物对照区分别为76%和75%;沉水植物分布区磷形态贡献随季节波动变化,沉水植物分布区以DOP贡献为主(63%),无植物对照区以DIP贡献为主(62%);沉水植物生长对沉积物间隙水各形态氮磷比影响显著.沉水植物生长显著增加间隙水DTN/DTP比,尤其是DIN/DIP比,相反降低DON/DOP比.沉水植物对间隙水氮、磷吸收及转化过程改变了沉积物氮、磷释放机制,从而影响上覆水氮、磷组成及氮磷比,很可能会影响到浮游植物生长及藻类水华过程,这对于湖泊水质管理具有重要意义.     

长江中下游湖泊群落水平下沉水植物碳、氮、磷化学计量特征及其影响因素

以长江中下游14个湖泊沉水植物为研究对象,分析群落水平下沉水植物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的化学计量特征及其影响因素.结果显示,沉水植物群落C含量平均为386.93±25.80 mg/g,范围为315.98~441.97 mg/g,N和P含量的平均值分别为26.10±4.84和2.64±0.99 mg/g,范围分别为13.75~40.89和1.01~5.92 mg/g.与物种水平研究相比,群落水平下沉水植物C、N、P化学计量特征变异系数较小,内稳定性更强.群落C含量与P含量具有显著相关性,而与N含量不相关,这说明C元素与N和P之间的耦合关系并不一致;N∶P比与P含量之间具有极显著的负相关关系,但与N含量不相关,说明沉水植物群落P含量的变异对N∶P比起主导作用.冗余分析表明,环境因子解释了沉水植物群落化学计量特征总变异的30.2%,在P0.01水平下对沉水植物群落化学计量特征具有显著影响的环境因子为底泥总磷、底泥N∶P比、水深和消光系数.变差分解结果表明,底泥和上覆水分别独自解释了化学计量特征总变异的5.21%和10.19%,其交互作用解释了总变异的5.25%.通过该研究结果推测,在恢复湖泊水生植被的实践过程中,相对于底泥,对上覆水光照条件进行控制可能更加迫切.     

基于回声探测监测沉水植物盖度的插值方法研究:以杭州西湖沉水植物盖度监测为例

沉水植物作为水生态系统的重要组成成分,在水生态系统物质循环和能量流动中发挥着重要作用,其覆盖度和生物量是评价湖泊等浅水水体系统稳定性的关键参数随着高效和无损伤监测的回声探测仪在沉水植物盖度监测中的应用,其精确度算法也受到了越来越多的关注本研究以成功恢复沉水植物的浅水湖泊杭州西湖为研究对象,利用BioSonics便携型回声探测仪——MX采集沉水植物回声样本同时结合人工样方设置,采集与回声探测对应位点的沉水植物样本,验证回声探测结果的精确性通过建立回归模型分析回声探测得到的沉水植物体积百分比(PVI)与人工样方获得的对应平均鲜重关系,结果表明二者具有较好的相关性分别采用普通克里金法、反距离权重法、径向基函数法3种插值方法对同一季节的不同湖泊和同一湖泊的不同季节未采集区域沉水植物的盖度数据进行插值分析,并对插值结果进行交叉验证,以确定方法的精确度交叉验证结果表明,插值精确度反距离权重法径向基函数法普通克里金法研究结果为回声探测与插值分析方法结合在大尺度浅水水体中沉水植物监测应用提供了技术支撑.     

Nährstoff- und Sauerstoffbilanz eines hochbelasteten Klärwerksableiters unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der submersen Makrophyten

Nutrient and Oxygen Balance of a Highly Polluted Treated Sewage Channel with Special Regard to the Submerged Macrophytes The changes of the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen compounds, orthophosphate, and oxygen were measured in the flowing wave along the flowing stretch of the Berlin treated sewage channel Wuhle monthly over a period of two years (1993/94) to estimate the nutrient and oxygen balances. This treated sewage channel is rich in nutrients and densely covered with submerged macrophytes. During the period of investigation in 1993 (1994), the effluent of the sewage treatment plant Falkenberg, which is lacking in adjustable nitrification and denitrification. contained in average 16.1 (12.7) mg/L of NH-N, 13.7 (9.4) mg/L of NO₃^?-N. 0.94 (0.69) mg/L of NO-N. and 0.36 (0.26) mg/L of PO-P. Due to the neglectable influence of other processes like nutrient uptake by submerged macrophytes and algae, desorption of ammonia or dilution, the changes of the concentrations of the inorganic nitrogen compounds are mainly influenced by nitrification and denitrification. The nitrification is mainly done by sessile nitrifiers in the treated sewage channel Wuhle. The nitrification rates. calculated from the decrease of the ammonium concentrations, were between 0.5 and 20 g/(m²d) related to the flowing stretch area. The ammonium concentrations decreased along the flowing stretch in average by 20 to 44%. The highest nitrification rates could be found at the stretches with a dense colonization with submerged macrophytes and a good oxygen supply due to low water depth and high flowing velocities. The denitrification rates, calculated from the decrease of the total of the concentrations of the inorganic nitrogen compounds, were between 0.5 and 23 g/(m²d) related to the flowing stretch area. The total loss of nitrogen due to denitrification was between 10 and 20% along the flowing stretch of the treated sewage channel Wuhle. This corresponds to a total amount of up to 530 kg nitrogen per day. The main part of the phosphorus occured as orthophosphate in concentrations between 0.04 and 0.87 mg/L of PO-P in the effluent of the treatment sewage plant Falkenberg. The orthophosphate concentration changed along the flowing stretch mostly in such a manner that it were at the same level at the end of the flowing stretch at the mouth into the river Spree. The self-purification capacity of the channel does not lead to a relevant reduction of the very high nutrient load under the present conditions. The rates of the photosynthetic production (P) and the community respiration (R) were calculated from the rates of the total changes of oxygen with regard to the physical aeration. The rates of the photosynthetic production were between 0 and 33 g/(m²d), the rates of the community respiration between 15 and 75 g/(m²d). Therewith, the Wuhle treatment sewage channel belongs to the very productive waters. A positive balance (P > R) could only be measured on two segments in May. The rates of oxygen production depend on the ratio width to depth of the water. It is possible that the positive influence of the submerged macrophytes on the oxygen balance also at higher biomasses than 250 g/m² (as dry weight) predominates at the segments with a favourable ratio. The portion of the oxygen input through diffusion along the flowing stretch and at the weirs was 30%, respectively, that of the photosynthic production 40% in summer. The rates of community respiration decreased along the flowing stretch by 50 to 90%. The nitrification had the main portion of the oxygen depletion in the Wuhle treated sewage channel with 60…80%. Despite the high biomass, the respiration of the submerged macrophytes had only a small portion of the total oxygen depletion. Nevertheless, the submerged macrophytes contributed to the nearly total oxygen depletion at the most densely covered segment 2 at night. The decrease of the content of particular organic material and the ammonia concentrations at the effluent of the sewage treatment plant, a diminishing of the biomass of submerged macrophytes by shading, and the widening of a few flowing stretches are demanded for the improvement of the oxygen balance of the Wuhle treated sewage channel.     

Asymptotic analysis of the interaction between linear long waves and a submerged floating breakwater of wavy surfaces

In this work, we carried out an asymptotic analysis, up to the second order in a regular expansion, of the interaction of linear long waves with an impermeable, fixed, submerged breakwater composed of wavy surfaces. Below the floating breakwater, there is also a step with a wavy surface. The undulating surfaces are described by sinusoidal profiles. The effects of three different geometric parameters — the amplitude of the wavy surfaces and the submerged length and width of the structure — on the reflection and transmission coefficients are analyzed. The hydrodynamic forces are also determined. The governing equations are expressed in dimensionless form. Using the domain perturbation method, the small wavy surfaces of the breakwater are linearized. The wavy surfaces of the breakwater generate larger values of the reflection coefficient than those obtained for breakwaters with flat surfaces, and the largest values of this coefficient are obtained when the length of the breakwater is of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength. The asymptotic solution is compared with the theoretical solutions that have been reported in the specialized literature and with a numerical solution. The present mathematical model can be used as a practical reference for the selection of the geometric configuration of a submerged floating breakwater under shallow flow conditions.     

Wave reflection from vertical breakwater with porous structure

This paper presents numerical solutions for the wave reflection from submerged porous structures in front of the impermeable vertical breakwater. A new time-dependent mild-slope equation involves the parameters of the porous medium including the porosity, the friction factor and the inertia coefficient, etc. is derived for solving the boundary value problem. A comprehensive comparison between the present model and the existing analytical solution for the case of simple rectangular geometries of the submerged structure is performed first. Then, more complicated cases such as the inclined and trapezoidal submerged porous structures in front of the vertical breakwater with sloping bottom are considered. This study also examines the effects of the permeable properties and the geometric configurations of the porous structure to the wave reflection. It is found that the submerged porous structure with trapezoidal shape has more efficiency to reduce the wave reflection than that of triangular shape. The numerical results show that the minimum wave reflection is occurred when the breakwater is located at the intermediate water depth.     

Wave motion over a breakwater system of a horizontal plate and a vertical porous wall

A two-dimensional analytical solution is presented to study the reflection and transmission of linear water waves propagating past a submerged horizontal plate and through a vertical porous wall. The velocity potential in each fluid domain is formulated using three sets of orthogonal eigenfunctions and the unknown coefficients are determined from the matching conditions. Wave elevations and hydrodynamic forces acting on the porous wall are computed. Reflection and transmission coefficients are presented to examine the performance of the breakwater system. The present analytical solutions are found in fairly good agreement with the available laboratory data. The results indicate that the plate length, the porous-effect, the gap between plate and porous wall, and the submerged depth of the plate all show a significant influence on the reflected and transmitted wave fields. It is also interesting to note that the submerged plate plays an important role in reducing the transmitted wave height, especially for long incident waves.